Psychology

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  • Created by: elliesp
  • Created on: 23-01-17 20:15
Who suggested that there were 3 types of conformity? what were they?
Kelman. Internalisation, Identification, Compliance/
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What is identification?
Value the group so conform to beliefs. Publicly change believes but privately may not. Temporary - when person leaves group no need to conform.
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What is internalisation?
accept group norms, resulting in public and private change of beliefs. permanent change as attitudes have become way a person thinks.
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what is compliance?
going along with others in public but not changing own beliefs. temporary = attitude stops as soon as group pressure stops.
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What was the aim of Asch's study?
to investigate whether individuals would conform to a majority who gave an obviously wrong answer.
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Procedure of Asch?
123 male american students, told study of perception, shown 1 standard line and 3 comparison lines. One obviously matched standard line..had to pair them. Confeds started off right answers but then wrong answers.
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What were the conformity results in Asch? What were the results in the control group?
36.8 overall conformity but 75% conformed to at least one wrong answer. In control group 36 pps tested individually (0.04% incorrect answers).
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What were the advs of Asch's theory?
no demand characteristics = told on perception, not likely to conform due to fake reasons. 2) high reliability = standardised procedure, lab experiment.
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What were disadvs of Asch's study?
unethical = deceived pps it was about something else, no consent. lack of generalisability = all male students, not representative of whole population. lack of ecological validity = artificial task, not representative of real life.
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What are Asch's variations? results in each?
1) task difficulty =conformity increases. 2) Unamity - another non conformer present (confederate) = conformity decreases. 3) changed group size - varied no. of confederates from 3-15 = increased group size meant increased conformity.
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What was the aim of Milgram's study?
to measure how obedient pps would be when asked to administrate potentially lethal shocks to innocent individuals.
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what was the procedure in Milgram's study?
20-50 yr old male adults, told it was test on memory. Pps given role of teacher, confederate is learner. Pps told every time learner gets question wrong to administer shock (increasing voltage.. 15v-450v). Pps in adjoining room to learner.
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what are the advs of milgram's study?
1) high reliability = standardised procedure, lab experiment 2) no demand characteristics = didn't know true aims of experiment. supporting research = Hofling (found 21/22 nurses gave lethal dose of drug to patient under orders of doc.)
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what are the disadvs of milgram's study?
1) lacks generalisability = all pps male, not applicable to females necessarily. 2) lack of ecological validity = artificial task, not reflective of real life situation.
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what were milgram's variations?
uniform = exp. replaced by "ordinary person" (obedience dropped) location = uni... run down office (obedience decreased) remote instruction = experimenter give instructions by phone (obedience drops) physical force = force hand electroshock plate
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list explanations of obedience?
agency theory, legitimacy of authority, autonomous state, agentic state, binding factors.
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what is the agency theory?
we are socialised from a young age to know that obedience to rules is crucial to keep stability in society. However, to achieve this you must give up your free will.
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What is the agentic state?
when a person obeys an authoritative figure they give up their free will, lose sense of individuality and so may carry out actions against moral code causing moral strain (they are an agent of the authoritative figure).
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what is the autonomous state?
in control and acts according to own wishes.
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what are binding factors?
aspects of the situation that allow the person to minimise the damaging affects of their behaviour, reduces moral strain and helps explain why people remain in agentic state.
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what is the legitimacy of authority?
obedient individuals accept power of authority figures as we learn that higher figures in social hierarchy should be obeyed.
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what is the authoritarian personality?
obedient to people above them but hostile to people below them, can be provoked by harsh upbringing which includes conditional love, rigid in their opinions and beliefs and makes distinctive stereotypes about other groups.
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what are the two explanations of resistance?
social support and locus of control
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what is social support?
the presence of people who resist pressure to conform can help others do the same.
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what study supports social support? what was involved?
Allen and Levine 1978 (asch type study) = conformity decreased with dissenter even when they said they had bad vision, suggests following someone releases group pressure.
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what is a locus of control? what are the different types?
makes someone more able to resist social influences because they have more confidence in themselves, so less likely to be influenced by others. 2 types: internal and external.
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what is external locus of control?
blames result on external factors.
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what is internal locus of control?
blames result of situation on themselves
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what is the supporting case for locus of control? why?
Twenge et al = data showed that people have become more resistant to obedience over time.
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what is the minority influence?
the minority of people persuade others to adopt their beliefs, behaviours and attitudes.
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how is minority influenced achieved (3 steps)?
commitment, consistency and flexibility
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what are the 2 types of consistency in minority influence?
synchronic consistency (all say same thing) and diachronic consistency (say same things for long time)
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which study supports minority influence? what does this show?
Moscovici et al = showed that consistency is the important variable in minority influence.
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what happened in moscovici et al?
172 female pps given eye test to ensure not colour blind, put into 32 groups of 6 (4 pps, 2 confeds), showed 36 blue slides varying in colour.
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What were the different conditions in moscovici et al? results
consistent condition: said all green (8.2% conformity with minority), inconsistent: said 24 green, 12 blue (1.25% conformity with minority), control condition 0.25% wrongly answered
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state the order in which the minority influence can be achieved?
drawing attention, consistency, deeper processing (if minority view conflicts with usual ideas we think about the issue), argumentation principle (extreme things), snowball effect (view adopted and quickly becomes majority view)
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Card 2

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What is identification?

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Value the group so conform to beliefs. Publicly change believes but privately may not. Temporary - when person leaves group no need to conform.

Card 3

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What is internalisation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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what is compliance?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What was the aim of Asch's study?

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