An experiment where the IV is not manipulated by the researcher but occurs naturally- carried out to compare the effectiveness of the two different styles.
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Data in separate categories such as number of runners that finished a marathon
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Data that is measured using public unit of measurement such as the times in which the runners finished the marathon
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The 'no effect' hypotheses; one which has no difference between the variables that are measured
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The person who is observing is influenced by expectations. E.g. only focusing on what they want to say.
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selecting those subjects who are around and available at the time
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Constant errors that arise as a result of the order in which conditions or levels of the independent variable are experienced by the participants
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Data that is ordered such as order of runners that finished marathon- 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc
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isn't numerical data and is gained through observations, interviews and case studies. For example, learning the history of a participant
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is numerical data which can be analysed statistically, through the use of tables, graphs etc