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6. Who stated that the conditions which are said to cause crime must be present when crime is present, and they should be absent when crime is absent?

  • Thornton and Reid
  • Sutherland
  • Howitt and Sheldon

7. Why are rules obeyed in post-conventional morality?

  • Instead of rules, a person has their own set of ethical principles, and rules are challenged if they infringe on the rights of others
  • For approval and to maintain social order
  • To avoid punishment and for personal gain

8. Is it possible to test how many anti-crime or pro-crime attitudes someone has been exposed to?

  • No
  • Yes

9. Who found that whilst criminals did score highly on psychoticism, they did not score exceptionally highly on extraversion and neuroticism?

  • Moffitt
  • Farrington et al
  • Eysenck and Eysenck

10. Who found that among 26 rapists, 54% denied they committed an offence at all?

  • Schonenberg and Jusyte
  • Barbaree
  • Dodge and Frame

11. Who found that the difference found by Schonenberg and Jusyte was also present in childhood?

  • Dodge and Frame
  • Barbaree

12. Who suggested that cognitive distortions differ based on crime committed?

  • Thornton and Reid
  • Howitt and Sheldon
  • Palmer and Hollin

13. What is the criminal personality type?

  • Neurotic-extravert-psychotic
  • Stable-introvert-sociable
  • Neurotic-introvert-psychotic
  • Stable-extravert-sociable

14. What is level 1 in the stages of morality?

  • Pre-conventional morality
  • Conventional morality
  • Post-conventional morality

15. Who suggested that moral reasoning differs based on crime committed?

  • Thornton and Reid
  • Palmer and Hollin
  • Howitt and Sheldon

16. How does offending arise from learning techniques?

  • A person may learn techniques to carry out a crime from the people they associate with
  • A person may adopt the more prevalent opinions in a social group, whether they are pro-crime or anti-crime

17. Who believed that our personality was biological, and results from the nervous system we inherit?

  • Eysenck
  • Farrington et al
  • Moffitt

18. Why are rules obeyed in conventional morality?

  • Instead of rules, a person has their own set of ethical principles, and rules are challenged if they infringe on the rights of others
  • For approval and to maintain social order
  • To avoid punishment and for personal gain

19. Which stage of morality are criminals most likely to be at?

  • Level 3
  • Level 1
  • Level 2

20. What is a strength of differential association theory?

  • Shows that it is not just working-class people who commit crimes
  • Shows that rich people do not commit crimes
  • Shows that women can commit crimes too
  • Shows that elderly people are all criminals