Psychological Explanations

what are family dysfunction explanations of s?

family dysfunctions have reared a lot of attentions when it comes to explaining s as these theories offer the idea that there is a problem with family that contributes to the onset and relapse of s

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what is meant by a schizophrenogenic mother? explain and which psychologist is linked to it?

Reichmann argued that this comes fro, being reared by a coal and dominant mother who is both over protective but rejecting, although the mum may appear self sacrificing, she uses it to satisfy her emotional needs therefore individuals brought-

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name an evaluation of this theory

up like this mothering style develop s as they confused by mum's OP but rejecting nature
-Roff+Knight indicates that there is a rs between a mothering style and multiple disorders so hypothesis not taken seriously

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what does the double bing theory suggest and who proposed it?

Bateson proposed this which suggests that s is a reaction to a pathological parting presenting the child w a no win situation, its created by contradictory communication between tone of voice and context

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give an example of what a parent may say from the double bind theory?

ie a mum may say come and give me a cuddle but then freezes when the child approaches and tells the child off for not being affectionate

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what can this lead to?

this leads to a negative reaction of social withdrawal in order to escape double bing situations

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what happens to children who are frequently exposed to contradictory messages?

thus leaves children more likely to develop s and develop conflicting messages about rs on diff communication levels; affection on the verbal level and hostility on non-verbal

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what else did Bateson et al argue?
what happens from prolonged exposure to this?

that's the child ability to respond to mother is undermined by such contradictions cuz 1 msg effectively invalidates the other
-prevents development of an internally coherent construction of reality which shows as s-

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-symptoms in long run ie delusions and hallucinations incoherent thinking/speaking and paranoia

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name the evaluations

-little evidence of db communications foam associated w s and when it does occur it may be the cause of it (-some evidence to support it Berger found s reported high reveal of db statements by mum than non s [relies on memory-

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which may not be accurate due not illness])
+baeston case study were s was visited in hospital by mum he embraced her warmly but she stiffened and withdrew arms, she then said 'don't you love me anymore' (-case study)

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-contradictory research- Liem found when he measured paternal communications in fam w s child, there was no diff compared w normal fam (Hall+Levin analysed data from previous studies+ found no difference between fam w/w/o s -

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-member in the degree to which verbal/non-verbal communication were in agreement)

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what is expressed emotion?

where families persistently exhibit criticism, hostility and general negative influence upon recovering s who when returning to fam react to EE by relapsing and experiencing positive symptoms such as delusions

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what is EE also known as?

its a family communication style in which members of the fam of a s talk about person in hostile manner or in a way that indicates emotional over-involvement/over-concern

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what did one psychologist find in a high EE family?

Kuipers et al found high EE relatives talk more and listen less, thought that high levels of EE most likely to influence relapse rates
a patient returning to a high ee family is 4x likely to relapse then s w low EE

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what do ppl with s in high ee family have?

a low tolerance fir intense emotional situations, appears negative emotional climate in intense fam arouses patient and leads to stress where a patents coping mechanisms cant handle the triggered episode

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name the evaluations of ee

-hooley et al conducted meta-analysis of 36 studies found s returning to fam of high ee experienced more than 2x the arg rate if relapse rate (+kavanagah also conducted metal-analysis found relapse rate for s who returned to high ee-

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-fam was 48% compared to 21% for low ee
-not all patients who live in high ee fam relapse, not all patients who live in low ee fam have less relapse, individual relapse plays a part, altorfer et al found 1/4 of the patients studied shared no-

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physiological responses to stressful comments from relatives (Lebell et al suggests how patients appraise behaviour of relatives is important, where high ee behaviours are not perceived as neg/stressful, they can do well regardless of fam-

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-environment, not all painted vulnerable to high levels of ee and there are individual differences
+helps patient life by reducing ee in fame w therapies to make relapse rates low

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name the dysfunctional theories evaluations

-having a s family can be problematic and extremely stressful, possible that its not the dysfunctions within fam causing s, may be having s within leads to dysfunctions (maintenance factor)

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-fails to explain why some children in such dysfunctional fam dont develop s, so its not the sole cause of s

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what is the cognitive approach/explanation towards s?

c approach examines the mental process ie how ppl think/how they process info, s is associated w abnormalities in cognitive processes

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when do cognitive deficits occur?
what do s have trouble dealing with?

occur when suffers experience problems w attention, communication and info overload
trouble w dealing w inappropriate thoughts as there are misperceiving voices in their head they believe are actual ppl that try to speak to them-

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what specific areas can evidence be found in?

-rather then perceiving them as an inner voice/speech that many ppl see it pass
difficulties seen in visual/auditory info

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why do s have difficulties understanding other ppl actions?

because as normal ppl use social behaviour as cues to understand what others are thinking, s lack the ability of this skill, so dont understand others actions and explain their range of behaviours ie low ee, disorganised speech and hallucinations

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what are cognitive biases?
what do cognitive biases refer to?

they are specific cognitive deficits
refers to the selective attention, this can explain behaviours, traditionally known as symptoms

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what are the 2 key biases? explain them

.Delusions- delusions of persecution (someone is going to kill them), these delusions are ***. w specific biases in reasoning about social situations, those who experience feelings of p have tendency to ***ume that other ppl cause things to go wrong in t

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which sociologist is associated with the second bias?

.Auditory hallucinations- Bentall found to some extent ppl s ppl see themselves in terms of a social rs some ppl tend to see themselves asa powerless in comparison to others in their social networks, this can lead to seeming themselves as-

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worthless/useless/incompetent, most ppl experience an inner voice when thinking and so s maaay mistake AH for inner voice, the status/power gap between themselves +social network mirrors their voice and so bigger the gap, the more powerful the voice

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what is the dysfunctional though processing theory, what 2 are identified and who identified it?

Frith et al
.Metarepresentativeness- our ability to reflect on our thoughts/behaviours and it allows us to identify our goals/intentions or allows us to interpret others, dysfunction in this area disturbs-

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-ability to recognise own actions rather then by someone else, explains hallucinations and inner voice expected from external source
.Central control- ability to suppress automatic responses while performing deliberate actions ie-

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-disorganised speech could be due to inability to suppress aaatutomatic thoughts/speech as many s hear or say one word that triggers more words, so s cant stop that automatic response

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name the evaluations of dysfunctional though processing

+evidence suggesting info is processed diff by s, Stirling et al compared 30 patients w s to 18 controls on a range of cognitive tasks such as stoop test which surpasses the impulse to read the colour name, s patients took 2x longer to do task-

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struggling to have central control and suppress automatic responses
+Sarin+Wallin reviewed recent research in relation to c.b found evidence that positive symptoms of s have origin from faulty cognition, delusional-

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-patients found to show various biases in their info processing ie jumping to conclusions+lack of reality testing (patients w hallucinations found to have impaired self-monitoring+tended to experience own thoughts as voices)

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-issues w cause and effect CA doesnt explain cause of C.D, does c.d cause s behaviours (an effect) or is it the cause of cognitive dysfunction, dont know the origin of these cognitions and not possible that cognitive dysfunction cause of illness and not j

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+practical applications, Yellowless et al developed machine that produced virtual hallucinations ie hearing tv telling them to kill themselves or 1 person face morphing to another to show s hallucinations not real, allowing psychologists to-

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create new innovative for s + improving quality of life (+CBT theories+NICE conducted meta-analysis and found consistent evidence compared to anti psychotic medication, CBT better at reducing symptoms and increase levels of social functioning)

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Psychological Explanations

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