He believed behaviour was determined by psychological factors, assuming people are born with basic instincts and needs, and that behaviuor is in large part controlled by the unconscious.
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The role of the unconscious
Freud believed in the existence of a part of us inaccessible to the conscious thought- the unconscious mind.
He believed everyday actions and behaviours are controlled by the unconscious mind, which reveals itself in 'Freudian Slips'.
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Structure of personality
Id
Ego
Superego
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Id
Operates solely in the unconscious.
Contains libido.
Operates according to the pleasure principle.
Demands instant gratification.
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Ego
Mediates between the demands of the id and the reality of the external world - the reality principle.
e.g. Delaying gratifying the id until a more appropriate time.
Also mediates between the id and superego.
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Superego
Divided into he conscience and ego-ideal.
Conscience - internalisation of societal rules.
Ego-ideal - what a person strives towards and is determined by parental standards of good behaviour.
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Defense mechanisms
If an individual is faced with a situation they are unable to deal with rationally, their defense mechanisms may be triggered.
They tend to operate unconsciously and distort reality so anxiety is reduced.
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Repression
Refers to the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and impulses. These repressed thoughts and feelings still influence behaviour without the person being aware of them.
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Denial
Refusal to accept reality in order to avoid dealing with any of the painful feelings that may be associated with an event.
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Displacement
The redirecting of thoughts and feelings in situations where the individual feels unable to express them in the presence of the person they should be directed towards.
(e.g. HIMYM: Chain/Circle of Screaming)
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Psychosexual stages
Freud believed personality developed through a sequence of five stages. These are referred to as psychosexual stages to emphasise that the most important driving force in development is the need to express sexual energy (libido).
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Oral (0-2 years)
The mouth is the focal point of sensation.
Expression through sucking and biting.
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Anal (2-3 years)
Beginnings of ego development as the child becomes aware of the demands of reality and the need to conform to the demands of others.
The major issue at this point is toilet training as the child learns to control the expulsion of bodily waste.
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Phallic (3-6 years)
Sexual energy is now focused on the genitals.
As a result of the Oedipus complex, the boys receive castration anxiety (punishment from the father), and, in an attempt to resolve this, they identify with their father.
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Latent (6-12 years)
The child develops mastery of the world around them. During this stag, the conflicts and issues of the previous stages are repressed with consequence that children are unable to remember much of their early years.
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Genital (12+ years)
The culmination of psychosexual development and the fixing of sexual energy in the genitals. This eventually directs us to sexual intercourse and the beginnings of adult life.
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Strengths: A pioneering approach
The development of psychoanalysis suggested new methodological procedures for gathering empirical evidence and the development of and approach based on observations, not introspection.
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Strengths: Psychic determinism
Freud believed all human behaviour is caused.
The psychodynamic approach explains all behaviour is determined by unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood, such that all free will is an illusion.
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Limitations: Untestable concepts
Many of Freud's concepts, such as the id and Oedipus complex, are said to occur at an unconscious level, making them difficult, if not impossible to test.
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Limitations: Gender-bias approach
Freud's views on women and female sexuality were less developed than his views on male sexuality. He seemed content to remain ignorant to female sexuality and how it may differ from male sexuality.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Freud believed in the existence of a part of us inaccessible to the conscious thought- the unconscious mind.
He believed everyday actions and behaviours are controlled by the unconscious mind, which reveals itself in 'Freudian Slips'.
Back
The role of the unconscious
Card 3
Front
Id
Ego
Superego
Back
Card 4
Front
Operates solely in the unconscious.
Contains libido.
Operates according to the pleasure principle.
Demands instant gratification.
Back
Card 5
Front
Mediates between the demands of the id and the reality of the external world - the reality principle.
e.g. Delaying gratifying the id until a more appropriate time.
Also mediates between the id and superego.
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