Population Dynamics

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What is the main reason for population growth?
a fall in the death rate
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What does a falling birth rate mean for population growth?
it means that the rate our population is growing at will slow
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What is the demographic transition model?
a model which shows population change over time. Takes into account birth rate and death rate and how this affects the overall population and the country
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How many stages are there in the demographic transition model
5 stages
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What is stage one?
high birth rates: no birth control, children seen as asset to work for large families (farming) High death rates: frequent families, outbreaks of disease
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What is stage two?
high birth rates. Falling death rates: improved hygiene, healthcare, nutrition, safer drinking water, better sewage disposal
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What is stage three?
Falling birth rates: birth control, less children dying, people begin to want smaller families for economic reasons. Falling death rate
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What is stage four?
low birth rates: women delaying having kids, birth control. Low death rates: continual improvement in healthcare
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What is stage five?
slightly rising death rate: many old people. Low birth rate: fewer young people so fewer having families
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What does it mean if not all countries are at the same stage of development?
it means they will have different population structures.
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How can population structures be shown?
on a population pyramid
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What do population pyramids show?
the number or percentage of different age groups for each gender in the population
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What can they be used to determine?
what stage a country is at in the demographic transition model
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What does it show concerning birth rate and death rate?
the changes: the bottom of the pyramid narrows as the birth rate lowers, the top gets higher and wider as the life expectancy increases
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What are some short term factors that could impact population?
war: it can lead to a higher death rate especially in young adult males. Also disease outbreaks, drought or famine
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What is a youthful population?
a high percentage of people under the age of 16
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What is an ageing population?
high proportion of people over the age of 65
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What are both youthful and ageing populations dependant on?
the working population which has to support these groups both financially and socially
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What does and ageing population need more money for?
state pensions, social provisions such as: meals on wheels, suitable housing. They need medical provisions: care homes, increased need of hospital beds. Professionals to cope with diseases of the elderly such as dementia
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What does a youthful population need more money for?
social provisions: nurseries, schools, play grounds, maternity and paternity leave. Medical provisions: maternity units in hospitals, paediatric medical facilities, etc
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What are problems for the elderly in the UK?
difficulty getting around if no public transport, living alone when partners die, high cost of residential homes, having the sells homes to pay for care, fear of crime, long waits for hospital appointments
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What should a countries population be?
sustainable, it should not harm the environment or the quality of life of the people
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What is overpopulation?
when a country has more people than can be supported by its resources
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What is under population?
when a country has more resources than people
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overpopulation (resources)
not enough resources could lead to malnutrition and starvation
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under population (resources)
not enough people to exploit the resources
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Overpopulation (services)
shortages of houses and educational and medical services
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under population (services)
not enough people to pay taxes for services
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overpopulation (employment)
unemployment- poverty for individuals and strain on benefits
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under populations (employment)
underemployment/ skills shortages negatively affect economy
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overpopulation (other issues)
overcrowding leading to poor living conditions, especially in urban areas
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under populations (other issues)
often and ageing population- low fertility
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How can populations be made sustainable?
make sure not too many and not too few people, enough people of working age to support population, managing resources as not to use too many, recycling resources as much as possible, looking after environment
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What is one way government try to control population?
by trying to increase or decrease birth rates
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What is a pro-natalist policy?
a policy to encourage people to have children
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what is an anti-natalist policy?
a policy to discourage people from having children
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What is a country with an anti-natalist policy?
China
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What was the reason for the Chinese one child policy?
a huge population growth in the 20th cent led to a series of famines
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When was the one child policy introduced?
in 1979
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What were the incentives given to have just one child?
cash bonuses, longer maternity leave, better childcare, preferential access to housing
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What were the young persuaded to do?
delay marriage
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What was there pressure on?
for abortion of unauthorised pregnancies
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What was there easy access to for people?
contraception and encouragement of post pregnancy sterilisation
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What was forced upon couples with more than one child?
forced sterilisation of couples with more than one child
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Was the one child policy successful?
the birth rate and the population growth rate have both fallen so successful there. Not as harshly enforced in rural areas so not as successful there
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What has happened to the policy since 1996?
the policy has been relaxed in some regions since 1996
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Where has a pro-natalist policy?
Singapore (3 or more)
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What did Singapore introduce in the 1960s?
a policy to help reduce its population, which was very successful, so successful it led to a population decline and an ageing population.
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What did the success mean for Singapore?
they now had to introduce a pro-natalist policy to help increase the birth rate and population
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What are the incentives for having more than 2 children?
tax rebates, cheap nurseries, preferential access to the best school, spacious apartments
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What counselling is offered for?
to discourage abortion and sterilisation
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Why does it work alongside the immigration policy?
to encourage young graduates (of child bearing age) to immigrate to Singapore
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Has the policy been successful?
The policy has been successful and has resulted in an increase in birth rate and helped increase population
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What is migration?
the flow of people in and out of a country
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Why may governments want to manage migration?
to control their country's population
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How many different migration policies are there?
three
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What is and open door policy?
allows anyone to come into the country, often run campaigns abroad targeting specific groups to try and encourage people to go and live there. Open door policy between EU countries
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What are migration quotas?
restricts the number of people allowed into a country per year. country may decide different things to restrict: total number allowed, particular area or type of person
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What is a migration skills test?
potential migrants have to pass a skills test. Ensures all migrants a country receives are skilled and qualified. May also include points where you have skills in certain areas to get enough points to qualify to be admitted.
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Why encourage migration?
help address under population, helps address labour shortages- immigrants do jobs natives would rather not do, meet specific skills shortages: doctors, teachers, engineers. Worked aged immigrants pay taxes which help pay for services,
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Tensions with immigration
pressure on houses, health care and education caused by immigration, fear by natives that immigrants take all jobs, discrimination/abuse of immigrants, perception of immigrants taking advantage of state benefits
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Why might quotas or skills tests cause tensions?
they might cause tensions because it may cause problems for people who want to bring their families to live with them
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does a falling birth rate mean for population growth?

Back

it means that the rate our population is growing at will slow

Card 3

Front

What is the demographic transition model?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How many stages are there in the demographic transition model

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is stage one?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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