Pneumonia

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Define Pneumonia
Chest infection: it causes inflammation of the alveoli > they fill with fluid = less efficient gas exchange > more difficult to ventilate
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What causes Pneumonia?
-Most common = community acquired
-Hospital acquire
-Viral
-Aspiration > food goes into trachea = inhaling vomit
-Fungal
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Describe the symptoms
-Main symptom = coughing, feel unwell, weak + tired
-Coughing up y/g mucus
-SOB
-Chest pain > pleurisy
-Loss of appetite
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Which group of pt's has the highest risk of catching Pneumonia?
-Babies/young children
->65 yrs old
-Lt heart, lung, brain, liver/kidney diagnosis
-Cancer > chemo
-Smoking/drinking
-Immunosuppressive drugs
-HIV
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How do you reduce the risk of being diagnosed with Pneumonia?
-Don't smoke
-Good hygiene
-Avoid excessive alcohol consumption
-Vaccination
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How is Pneumonia treated?
-Main treatment = antibiotics > 4hrs after admission to hospital
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Discuss some complications of Pneumonia
-Pleurisy > linings between lungs and rib cage = inflamed
-Fluid on the lungs = pleural effusion > can become infection
-Lung abscess > infection
-Blood poisoning > septicaemia > causes low BP
-Respiratory failure > low levels of O2
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Discuss the average recovery time for Pneumonia
-1 week > fever gone
-4 weeks > less mucus production
-6 weeks > cough less, easier to breathe
-3 months > most symptoms gone, fatigue
-6 months > normal
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Explain how bacteria causes the alveoli to fill with fluid
-Macrophages recognise bacteria
-Cytokines released = vasodilation
-Fluid drawn into alveoli
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Explain how a virus causes the alveoli to fill with fluid
-Virus binds to cell
-Injects genetic material
-Genetic material > replication
-Lysis > cell damage
-Stimulates immune response
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Explain how a fungal infection in causes alveoli to fill with fluid
-Alveoli environment = fungal growth
-Grows into fungal ball
-Spores can spread into capillaries
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Define consolidation
Process that fills alveoli with fluid, pus, blood cells
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Explain how Pneumonia impairs pulmonary defences
-Loss of cough reflex > coma
-Damaged mucociliary apparatus
-Decrease in alveolar macrophages
-Pulmonary congestion
-Accumulation of secretions
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Define Lobam Pneumonia
Affects one lobe of the lung (concentrated)
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Define Broncho Pneumonia
Affects several lobes > less concentrated, widespread
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How does Lobam Pneumonia spread?
-Starts distally > spreads throughout lobe
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Describe the stages of Lobam Pneumonia
1. Congestion
2.Red hepatization
3. Grey hepatization
4. Resolution
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Describe how you find these symptoms by examination
-Decreased chest expansion on affected side
-Dull to percussion
-Bronchial breath sounds
-Increased vocal resonance
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How does Broncho Pneumonia spread?
Starts in Bronchioles > spreads to alveoli (proximal > distal)
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When + how do you know when to hospitalise a patient?
CURB-65:
-Confusion
-Urea > 7mmol/L (hypoxemia)
-Respiratory alkalosis = RR > 30
-Low BP <90 systole
*Each letter represents 1 point, more than 2 points = hospitalisation
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What causes Pneumonia?

Back

-Most common = community acquired
-Hospital acquire
-Viral
-Aspiration > food goes into trachea = inhaling vomit
-Fungal

Card 3

Front

Describe the symptoms

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Which group of pt's has the highest risk of catching Pneumonia?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How do you reduce the risk of being diagnosed with Pneumonia?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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