In an alimentary canal, food moves in one direction
A gastrovascular cavity has one opening to the external environment
Most animals use extracellular digestion
A main advantage of an alimentary canal over a gastrovascular cavity is that it allows animals to eat big things relative to their own body size
Extracellular digestion allows animals to eat big things relative to their own body size
7. In vertebrate white blood cells TLR5 detects what?
Something else
dsDNA
Liposaccharide found in bacteria
Flagellin
Liposaccharide found in virus'
8. The role of the Purkinje fibres is to initiate
Ventricular systole
Carry the electrical impulse of the heart to the SA node
Atrial systole
Ventricular diastole
Atrial diastole
9. The cardiac cycle consists of...
1. Atrial diastole and Ventricular diastole. 2 Atrial systole and Ventricular diastole. 3. Atrial systole and Ventricular systole
1. Atrial systole and Ventricular systole.
2 Atrial diastole and Ventricular systole.
3. Atrial systole and Ventricular diastole
1. Atrial diastole and Ventricular diastole. 2 Atrial systole and Ventricular diastole. 3. Atrial systole and Ventricular systole
1. Atrial diastole and Ventricular diastole. 2 Atrial systole and Ventricular diastole. 3. Atrial diastole and Ventricular systole
1. Atrial systole and Ventricular systole. 2 Atrial systole and Ventricular diastole. 3. Atrial diastole and Ventricular systole
10. Proteins are often in limited supply to animals because...
Animals can only synthesise about half of the AA that they need - Synthesis of AA requires nitrogen from other AA - AA are not typically stored to any great extent - Animals can only use nitrogen in chemically combined forms
Animals cannot synthesise about half of the AA that they need - Synthesis of non-essential AA requires nitrogen from donor AA - AA are not usually stored in large quantities - Animals require nitrogen in the free form
Sythesis of non-essential AA requires nitrogen from donr AA - Animals cannot synthesise about two thirds of the AA that they need - AA are not usually stored in large quantities - Animals require nitrogen in fixed forms
Animals can only synthesise about half of the AA that they need - Synthesis of AA requires nitrogen from other AA - AA are not typically stored to any great extent - Protein has high energy density compared to fat
Animals require nitrogen in fixed forms - Animals cannot synthesise about half of the AA that they need - Synthesis of essential AA requires nitrogen from donor AA - AA are not usually stored in large quantities
11. Counter current flow in the fish gill...
Occurs in one direct and aids active transport of oxygen into the capillaries
Maximizes the difference in partial pressure between the oxygen of the inflowing water and the partial pressure of oxygen in the capillary
Maximizes partial pressure difference and increases surface area for diffusion
Maximizes partial pressure difference and increases surface area for diffusion and works optimally in marine fish
None of the above
12. Sustained contraction of skeletal muscle can occur due to...
An action potential in a motor neuron that synapses with a muscle fibre
Summation of action potentials in muscle cells AND Infection with a virus that causes tetanus AND An action potential in a motor neuron that synapses with a muscle fibre
Summation of action potentials in muscle cells
Summation of action potentials in muscle cells AND Infection with a virus that causes tetanus
Infection with a virus that causes tetanus
13. A physiological response which takes place over a few minutes is best described as
An acute response
A maladaptive response
A stress response
A chronic response
A behavioural response
14. To detect viral infections in animals which component of the immune system could be argued to be most critical
T-Cells
The inflammatory response
None of the above
B-Cells
Macrophages
15. Which of the following is not an adaptation that can reduce the energetic cost of active flight
Air filled long bones
Seasonal gonadal recrudescence
Voiding waste nitrogen without use of urine
Fusiform body shape
Spatial and temporal heterothermy
16. Neurohormones...
Are secreted by the anterior pituitary and act on the hypothalamus
Are secreted into circulation by neurosecretory cells
Are released at electrical synapses
Are used in neuronal communication across synapses
None of the above
17. At certain kinds of synapses, electrical current may flow directly form one neurone to another. This is across a...
Ion channel
Metabotropic synapse
Dendrite
Gap junction
Chemical synapse
18. Which of the following helps to explain why rabbits eat 'soft' faeces?
They are ruminant mammals
They are foregut fermenters, and benefit from microbes synthesising B vitamins and amino acids
Absorption of water soluble nutrients is only possible in the midgut
Absorption of fatty acids synthesised by heterotrophic microbes is not possible in the hindgut
They lack a crop
19. In innate immunity cellular barriers to infection consist of
Neutrophils, Macrophages and Dendritic cells
Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic cells
Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic cells and natural killer cells
Cellular barriers are part of the adaptive immune system
Neutrophils and Macrophages
20. Which of the following osmoregulatory systems has a flame bulb
