Physics Y12 key words
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- Created by: helpmeplease2609
- Created on: 12-09-20 12:57
explain the difference between scalar and vector quantities
explain the difference between scalar and vector quantities Scalars have magnitude only, vectors have magnitude and direction
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accuracy
Accuracy is (a quality denoting) the closeness of the measured value to the true value
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precision
Precision is (a quality denoting) the closeness of agreement between measured values (obtained by repeated measurements)
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thinking distance; braking distance and stopping distance
Stopping distance: Sum of thinking distance and the braking distance
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the newton
The force which gives a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of 1 m s-
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velocity
velocity = rate of change of displacement
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Acceleration
rate of change of velocity
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Newton’s first law
A body will remain at rest or keep travelling at constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant/net (external) force (AW)
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Newton’s second law
(Resultant) force is (directly) proportional to the rate of change of momentum
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Newton’s third law
When one body exerts a force on another the other body exerts an equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction) force on the first body (WTTE)
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terminal velocity
(The maximum velocity when) drag = weight
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Work done by a force
force distance moved / travelled in the direction of the force
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moment of force
force x perpendicular distance from point / pivot
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torque of a couple
one of the forces x perpendicular distance (between the forces)
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the principle of moments
For a body in rotational equilibrium, the sum of the anticlockwise moments about a point is equal to the sum of the clockwise moments about the same point
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centre of mass
A point through which an externally applied force produces straight line motion but no rotational motion
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Archimedes’ principle
The upthrust is equal to the weight of the fluid / liquid / water / air displaced
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Power
Rate of energy transfer / energy transfer per unit time
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The watt
1 J (of work done) per second
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the principle of conservation of energy
The total energy of a closed system remains constant, energy cannot be created or destroyed
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Hooke’s law
Extension is (directly) proportional to the load (provided elastic limit not exceeded)
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Force constant of a spring
force/extension or force/change in length
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Stress
Force per unit cross sectional area
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strain
Extension per unit length
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ultimate tensile strength
The maximum (tensile) stress a material can withstand (before it breaks)
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Linear momentum
mass x velocity
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the principle of conservation of momentum
Total momentum is constant/conserved For a closed system/provided no external forces (WTTE)
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Elastic collision
KE is conserved (as well as momentum)
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Inelastic collision
KE is not conserved, momentum is conserved
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Kirchhoff’s first law
(sum of/total) current into a junction equals the (sum of/total) current out conservation of charge
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Kirchhoff’s second law
Sum of emf’s = sum of p.d.s / voltages (in a loop) Conservation of energy
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conventional current
Conventional current travels from positive to negative
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mean drift velocity of charge carriers
the average displacement/distance travelled of the electrons along the wire per second; (over time/on average) they move slowly in one direction through the metal lattice (when there is a p.d. across the wire)
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Resistivity
ρ = RA/l with terms defined
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potential difference
energy transfer per unit charge from electrical to other forms
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Wavelength of a wave
distance between (neighbouring) identical points/points with same phase (on the wave)
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EMF
Energy transferred from source (or changed from some form to electrical energy) per unit charge
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Internal resistance
The supply behaves as if it has an (internal) resistance causing (some) energy to be transferred into thermal energy/lost as heat or there is a voltage drop across/decrease in voltage from the supply when a current is drawn from it/AW
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Intensity
intensity is the (incident) energy per unit area per second or power per (unit) area or power/area
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resistance
=p.d. / current
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Ohm’s law
V proportional to I (provided the physical conditions/temperature remain constant)
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the kilowatt-hour (kW h)
(a unit of) energy equal to 3.6 MJ or 1 kW for 1 h/AW
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internal resistance
Resistance of a source of EMF, which causes a loss of energy/voltage as the charge passes through the source
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Plane polarised wave
reference to a transverse wave or to vibrations in plane normal to the direction of (energy) propagation oscillations/vibrations in one direction only/confined to single plane (containing the direction of propagation)
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longitudinal waves
oscillation/vibration of particles/medium in direction of travel of the wave example: sound wave, etc.
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transverse waves
oscillation/vibration of particles/medium (in the plane) at right angles to direction of travel of the wave example: surface water waves, string, electromagnetic, etc
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Displacement (wave)
displacement any distance moved from equilibrium of a point/particle (on a wave)
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Amplitude of a wave
amplitude maximum possible displacement (caused by wave motion)
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Node
Point on a stationary wave where amplitude (or displacement) is zero
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Antinode
antinode occurs where the amplitude (of the standing wave) takes the maximum (possible) value
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Progressive wave
A transfer of energy as a result of oscillations of the medium through which the wave is travelling
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Stationary wave
no net energy transfer/energy is stored/has points which are always zero amplitude/or points have different amplitudes
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period of a wave
Time taken to complete one oscillation
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speed of a wave
Distance travelled by the wave per second/unit time
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phase difference
difference in degrees/radians/angle between points on the same wave or (similar) points on two waves
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frequency of a wave
number of waves passing a point /cycles/vibrations (at a point) per unit time/second
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Time period of a wave
time for one complete oscillation at a point on the wave
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refraction
Change of direction of a wave as it changes speed when passing from one medium to another
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polarisation
When oscillations of a transverse wave are limited to one plane
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Diffraction
paths spread out after passing through a gap or around an obstacle/AW
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the principle of superposition of waves
when 2 or more waves meet (at a point) the (resultant) displacement is equal to the (vector) sum of the displacements of each wave
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Interference
The superposition of two coherent waves leading to a change in overall intensity/displacement
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Constructive interference
path difference between is a whole/integer number of wavelengths
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Coherence
constant phase difference/relationship (between the waves)
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path difference
The difference in distance travelled by two waves from their source to a point in space
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Destructive interference
path difference is an odd number of half wavelengths
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work function
the minimum energy (required) to release an electron (from the surface of the metal)
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threshold frequency
Minimum frequency of EM radiation that will cause emission of an electron from the surface of a metal
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electron diffraction
the diffraction of a beam of electrons by atoms or molecules, used especially for determining crystal structures.
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Wave particle duality
A theory stating that matter has both particle and wave properties, and that EM radiation has wave and particulate (photon) nature
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The electron-volt
an eV is the energy acquired by an electron accelerated/moves through a p.d. of 1 V 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
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De Broglie wavelength
Electrons are observed to behave as waves/show wavelike properties where the electron wavelength depends on its speed/momentum
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Photon
a quantum/lump/unit/packet/particle of (e-m) energy/light
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Continuous spectrum
all wavelengths/frequencies are present (in the radiation)/AW
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Accuracy is (a quality denoting) the closeness of the measured value to the true value
Back
accuracy
Card 3
Front
Precision is (a quality denoting) the closeness of agreement between measured values (obtained by repeated measurements)
Back
Card 4
Front
Stopping distance: Sum of thinking distance and the braking distance
Back
Card 5
Front
The force which gives a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of 1 m s-
Back
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