Physics retry 1

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  • Created by: IJM22
  • Created on: 17-01-19 16:12
What are the 3 main fossil fuels?
Coal, oil and gas
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Advantages for fossil fuels?
1) Reliable 2)release a great deal of energy 3) adbundant and cheap 4) extremely versatile
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Disadvantages for fossil fuels?
1) Releases a huge amount of CO2 2) non-renewabale 3) can release other polluntants
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What does burning dieseal produce?
Carbon particles and nitrogen oxides
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What does burning coal produce?
Sulfur dioxide which leads to acid rain
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Is a nuclear power non-renewable?
Yes
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How does a nuclear power run?
On plutonaium and uranium
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Advantages of generating electricity by nuclear power?
1) Releases no CO2 2 ) extremely reliable
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Disadvantages of generating electricity by nuclear power?
1) Contains highlyd dangerous radioactive materials 2) expensive to dismantle 3) it needs to be stored for thousands of years before it is safe
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What happened in the 1950s
Nuclear power came and by 1980s it produced 20% of the UK's electricity
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State the benefits of switching from coal to gas
1) Burning gas generates less carbon dioxide than burning coal 2) Gas-fired stations can be switched on quickly during perios of high demands
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What is the Kyoto protocol?
When countries commited to reduicng greenhouse gas emissons
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What is a baseload?
Constant supply of electricity
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What can be used to provide emergency power in times of peak demand?
Gas-fired power stations
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What are some types of renewable energy resources?
Wind, solar and hyrdoelectricity
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Advantages of renewable energy resources?
1) Will never run out 2) does not add any carbon dioxide
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Disadvantages of renewable energy resources?
1) Wind and solar are not reliable 2) Hydroelectric power is very reliable but habitats are destroyed
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State some things about hydroelectric power?
Very reliable, but habitats are destoryed
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State some things about tidal power?
Extremely reliable. There are proposals to build a tidal barrage across the Severn estuary but people are against it
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State some things about wave power?
Reliable and has huge potential in the UK as it has an extensive coastline
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State some things about geothermal energy?
Uses heat from the earth
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What is biofuel?
Fuel that produced from plant materials and it does not add extra carbon
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How does a current in series circuits work?
The current flows from the negative end of the cell to the positive end
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What do electrons carry?
Energy from the cell
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How can you tell if it is a series current?
When it has no branches. The current can only flow in one direction
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What is an electric current?
Flow of electrical charge around a circuit
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What is the unit for electric current?
Ampere (A)
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How do you measure the current in a circuit?
By using an ammeter
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State something about a series circuit?
The circuit is always the same
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What does a parrel circuit contain?
Branches
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What does it mean when a parrel circuit contains 'branches'?
That the current splits
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How do you calculate the total current leaving the cell in parallel circuits?
The current in the branches adds up to the total when leaving the cell
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What is potential difference?
Difference of 1 volt tells us that 1 joule of energy is transferred for each coulomb of charge that is moving through the circuit
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How do you measure the potential difference?
By using a voltmeter
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Why does a lamp go dimmer when one more lamp is added?
The energy carried by the current has been shared between the two lamps
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State something about series circuits?
Potential difference is split between components
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State something about parallel circuits?
They have branches and some of the current passes through each branch
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How do you measure the potential difference in a cell?
By using a voltmeter
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What is the same in parallel circuits?
The potential difference across each component is the same
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What does battery mean?
Two or more cells connected together
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State something about batteries?
The cells in a battery must be connected in the same direction
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What is electrical charge measured in?
Coulombs (C)
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What is symbol for coulombs ?
C
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What does a current of 1 ampere mean?
1 coulomb of a charge is flowing per second
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How do you calculate the charge flow?
Q = I × T
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What do 'Q' mean in charge flow equation?
Charge flow (C)
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What does the 'I' mean in charge flow equation?
Current (A)
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What does 'T' mean in charge flow equation?
Time (S)
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What is the formula for energy transferred?
E = Q × V
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What does the letter 'E' mean in the energy transferred equation?
Energy transferred (J)
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What does the letter 'Q' mean in the energy transferred equation?
Charge flow (C)
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What does the letter 'V' mean in the energy transferred equation?
Potential difference (V)
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What is an electric current?
Flow of electrons through a conductor such as a metal wire
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How do electrons move?
They collide with atoms in the metal.
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What happens to electrical energy?
Transferred into other forms of energy such as thermal
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What does the resistance tell us?
Potential difference required to drive a current through a component
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What is the equation needed to calculate the component of a resistance?
R = V/I
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What does the 'R' mean in the resistance formula?
Resistance (Ω)
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What does the 'V' mean in the resistance formula?
Potential difference (V)
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What does the 'I' mean in the resistance formula?
Current (I)
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What is the formula to work out potential difference needed to produce a certain current?
V = I × R
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What is the formula needed to work out the resistance of a resistor?
R = V/I
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What does the resistor graph tell us?
That the current through a resistor is directly proportional to the potential difference
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What is true about the resistance?
It will only stay constant if the temperature is constant
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What does the word filament mean?
A very fine wire
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How does a filament lamp work?
1) The wire is tightly coiled 2) The wire gets very hot when an electric current passes through which causes the filament lamb to glown and give out light
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State something about the current through a filament lamp?
It is not directly proportional to potential difference
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Why is the current not directly proportional to potential difference in a filament lamp graph?
Because the filament gets hot, which causes the resistance to increase
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What happens at high temperature in a filament lamp?
The atoms vibrate more. This means the electrons in the current are now colliding more with the atoms
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What is a filament lamp not?
A ohmic conductor
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What is a key feature of a diode?
It flows in one direction only
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Why does a diode only flow in one direction?
Due to the high resistance in the reverse direction
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What are diodes useful for?
Controlling the flow of current in circuits
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What does an LED do?
Give off light when a current flows through
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Name an advantage of LEDs?
Extremely energy efficent source of light
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How do you calculate current?
I = V/R
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What does 'R' mean in the formula to calculate current?
Resistance
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What does 'V' mean in the formula to calculate current?
Potential difference
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What does 'I' mean in the formula to calculate current?
Current
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What is true about resistors in series?
They add up together
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Why are resistors added together in series?
As the current has to pass through each resistor in turn
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What happens if the resistance of a thermistor decreases?
The temperature increases
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How are the particles arranged in a solid?
Arranged in a regular pattern and are very close together
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How are the particles arranged in a liquid
They are close together but are not arranged in a regular pattern
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How are the particles arranged in gases
Not arranged in any pattern and are very far apart
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Define density?
The mass for a given volume
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Why does a brick have a high density?
As it has lots of mass packed into its volume
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What does polystyrene have and why?
As it has an open structure and is full of air spaces. It has a small mass for its volume
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What is the formula for density?
P = m/v
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What does the 'p' stand for in the density equation?
Density
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What does the 'M' stand for in the density equation?
Mass
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What does the 'V' stand for in the density equation?
Volume
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A block of wood has a mass of 150 kg and a volume of 0.3 m3. Calculate the density
1) P = m/v 2) 2) P = 150/0.3 = 500 kg/m3
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Why do solids have a high density?
As they have a lot of mass for their volume
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Why do gases have a low density?
As they are very far apart and have a small mass for their volume
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What do particles have?
Potential energy
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What type of energy do particles have?
Potential energy
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Define internal energy?
Total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles that make up a system
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What happens if we heat a solid?
We increase the internal energy
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What happens if we heat keep on heating a solid?
We will contiune to increase the internal energy and at some point the liquid will turn to a gas
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What happens if we cool the gas down?
We reduce the internal energy and at some point the gas turns back into a liquid
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What is the process called when a gas is turned back into a liquid?
Condensation
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What is it called when a solid can turn directly to a gas?
Sublimation
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What happens when changes of state take place?
Mass is always conserved
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Define evaporation?
When a liquid turns to a gas but only on the surface of a liquid
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How does evaporation occur?
The particles have enough energy to turn into a gas
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Define specific latent heat?
The amount of energy required to change the state of 1 kg of the substance from a solid to a liquid with no change in temperature
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How many Joules of energy does it take to melt ice?
334,000 Joules of energy
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What is it called to melt 334,000 Joules of energy?
The specific latent heat of fusion
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Define specific heat of evaporation?
Amount of energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from a liquid to a vapour with no change in temperature
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What is the equation of specific latent heat?
E = M × L
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What does the 'E' stand for in specific latent heat and what is this measured in?
Energy for a change of state (J)
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What does 'M' stand for in specific latent heat and what is this measured in?
Mass (kg)
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What does the 'L' stand for in specific latent heat?
Specific latent heat (J/kg)
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Calculate the energy required to convert 05 kg of ice to liquid water. The specific latent heat of fusion of water is 334,000 J/kg
1) E = M × L 2) 0.5 kg × 334,000 = 167,000 J
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Calculate the energy required to convert 0.15 kg of ethanol from a liquid to a vapour. The specific latent heat of vaporisation of ethanol is 846,000 J/kg
1) E = M × L 2) 0.15 × 84,000 J/kg = 126,900
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What happens at low temperatures?
Particles have lower kinetic energy. There are fewer collisons per second. These are lower energy collisions
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What happens at higher temperatures?
The particles have higher kinetic energy. There are more collisions per seocnd. These are higher energy collsions
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What is the radius of an atom?
1 × 10 to the power -10m
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What do atoms contain in the middle?
Radius of nucleus and this is less than 1/10,000 of the radius of the atom
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What does the nucleus of an atom contain and what does this mean?
Protons (+) and neutrons (which have a no charge = neutral). This means that the nucleus as an overall positive charge
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What is the nucleus surrounded by?
By electrons (-) in energy levels
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What type of charge do electrons have?
Negative charge
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State a key idea about energy levels?
Energy levels which are further from the nucleus are at a higher energy than those which are closer to the nucleus
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How does an electron move from a lower energy level to a higher energy lvel?
By asborbing electromagnetic radiation.
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How does an electron go from a high energy level to a low energy level
the atom can now emit electromagnetic radiation and the electron returns back to the lower energy level
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What do protons have?
A positive charge
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Why do atoms have no overall charge and what does this mean?
Because the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. This means the negative charge on the electrons cancel out the positive charges on the protons
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What does the mass number tell us?
The total number of protons and neutrons added together
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How do calculate the number of neutrons?
Subtract the atomic number from the mass number
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Define isotopes?
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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What happens when an atom loses one electron?
The ion has a +1 charge
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What happened in 1897?
Scientists discovered that atoms contain tiny negative particles which are called electrons
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Why was the discovery of electrons big?
As they found out that Atoms have an internal structure
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What does the plum-pudding suggest?
That an atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it
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What did scientists work out from the alpha-scattering experiment?
1) As most of the alpha particles went through the gold foil, it suggested that the atoms are mainly empty space 2) Some of the alpha particles were deflected as the centre of an atom had a positive charge and that repelled the alpha particles
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Which scientist proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific deistances?
Niels Bohr
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What did Niels Bohor suggest?
That electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances
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How is the postive charge in the nucleus positive?
Due to the positive particles called protons
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What did James Chadwick do?
Discover that the nucleus also contains neutrons which have no charge which means they are neutral
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How does an isotope become stabled?
The nucleus gives out radiation and this process is called radioactive decay
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Why can't scientists not predict radioactive decay?
Scientists cannot predict when an nucleus will decay as it is a totally random process
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What is the activity in radioactivity?
The rate at which a source of unstable nuclei decay
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How is activity measured in?
In becqurel (Bq) 1 Bq = 1 decay per second
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How do you measure the activity of a radioactivity source?
By using a geiger-muller tube
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What does count rate tell us in the activity of a radioactivity source?
The number of decays recorded each sound by a detector
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Why is count rate not the same as activity?
Due to background radiation
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What are the four types of radiation?
1) An alpha particle 2) A beta particle 3) Gamma rays 3) Neutron
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What do alpha particles consit of?
Two protons and two neutrons which is the same as the nucleus of an helium
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What is a beta particle?
An electron which is ejected from the nucleus at a very high speed
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Where does a beta particle come from?
It is formed inside the nucleus when a neutron changes into a proton and an electron
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What are gamma rays?
Type of electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus
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What does it mean if isotopes are radioactive?
Their nuclei decay and release energy
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What does an alpha particle consist of?
Two protons joined to two neutrons
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What is a beta particle?
An electron ejected from the nucleus
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Name an example of electromagnetic radiation?
Gamma rays
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State somethings about alpha particles'
1) They are large 2) Travel around 5 cm in air become they collide with air particles and stop
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State somethings about beta particles'
1) They can travel further 2) Reach around 15 cm in air before stopping
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State something about gamma radiation
Travels several meters in air before stopping
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What type of material is required to stop alpha particles?
Stopped by a single sheet of paper
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What type of material is required to stop beta particles?
Stopped by a millimeters for aluminium
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What type of material is required to stop gamma radiation?
Stopped by several centimeters of lead
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What happens when radiation collides with atoms?
Causes the atoms to lose electrons and ions
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What do radioactive isotopes do?
Release radiation from the nucleus of their atom
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Why can scientists not decay when a nucleus will decay?
As decay is a random process
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Explain the half-life of a radioactive isotope?
The time it takes for the number of nuclei of the isotope in a sample to halve
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What does it mean if a radioactive isotope has a short half-life?
It means that the nuclei are decaying at a faster rate
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