Personality

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What are some problems with early personality research?
Lack of theory, methodological flaws and errors
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Define personality
Psychological qualities that contribute to and individuals enduring and distinctive patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours
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What are the key principles of personality
enduring, distinction, thoughts feeling and behaviours, contribution
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What does the enduring principle of personality refer to?
Consistency over time and situations
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What does the distinction principle of personaliy refer to?
Differentiation between individuals
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What does the contribution principle of personality refer to?
contribution to behaviour allows for collection of empirical data and theory building
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What does the feeling, think and behaviour principle of personality refer to?
Taking into account all domains of life
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What are the layers of personality?
Charactersitic adaptations, dispositional traits and self-narrative identities
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What are dispositional traits?
behavioural signatures, tendencies over time, genetic
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What are characteristic adaptations?
One's conscious goals and purposes in life. Key events shape these.
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What are self-narrative identities?
stories you tell
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What are two important considerations for personality and sport performance?
How does personality affect performance and how does personality interact with the environment to affect performance?
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What are the 'Big 5' personality dimensions?
Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness and Extraversion
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Define Conscientiousness
Organisational and goal-directed behaviour
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Define Agreeableness
Concern for social harmony and cooperation
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Define Neuroticism
Proneness to emotional instability
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Define Openness
Open to new experiences
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Define Extraversion
Intensity of interpersonal relationships
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How are the big 5 reflected in sport?
Elite athletes have higher levels of conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness and extraversion and lower levels of neuroticism
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How do personality characteristics interact with psychological skills training?
Extraverts benefit from goal-setting, neurotics benefit from emotional-control,
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What characteristics are related to aggressive behaviours?
Lower levels of agreeableness, extraversion or emotional stabiity
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Athletes with low levels of openness are prone to what?
Avoidance coping strategies
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Athletes with high levels of conscientiousness are prone to what?
using problem-focused coping strategies
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Define perfectionism
Multidimensional construct characterised by setting extremely high standards alongside harsh criticism of one's own behaviour
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What are the dimensions of perfectionism?
Perfectionistic striving and perfectionistic concerns
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What is perfectionistic striving associated with?
Greater performance, olympic success, confidence, effective coping and self-determined forms of motivation
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What is perfectionistic concern associated with?
burnout, the yips, anxiety and depression
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Define perfectionistic striving
setting high personal standards
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Define perfectionistic concerns
highly critical self-evaluation
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Define optimism and hope
generalized positive expectancy about life
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What are optimism and negativity related to respectively?
problem-focused coping and avoidant strategies (resignation)
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Define mental toughness
Stable disposition associated with the ability to deal with variety of stressors and obstacles and perform at a high level under pressure
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What does mental toughness predict
high level performance and olympic success
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Define narcissism
Pattern of gradiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy. It is fragile
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Why are narcissists likely to perform well in competitive settings?
Dial up anxiety-performance relationship, increased effort as allowed to show off skills
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What is alexithymia?
A trait deficit in emotion regulation
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What is alexithymia characterised by?
Abscence of words to express one's emotions and diffculty in acknowleding emotions and feelings together with an inability to express them to others
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Why is alexithymia a key antecedant of engagement in risk-taking activities?
these environments provide emotion regulation benefit
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What are some practical applications of personality research?
personality profiling to predict athletic behaviour, treat individuals, tailor interventions specifically
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Other relevant personality traits are:
goal orientations, trait anxiety, hardiness, competitiveness and proactivity
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What are Eysenck's 'Giant 3' traits?
extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism (tough mindedness)
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Extraversion and neuroticism are the behavioural expressions of what?
Sensitivity to rewards and sensitivity to punishment respectively
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What percentage of variance in performane may personality traits account for?
20-45%
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What are the 6 dimensions of perfectionism which can be incorporated in perfectionistic striving and concern?
personal standards, organisations, concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, parental expectations and parental criticism
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What does ACT suggest?
anxiety leads to increase n effort which is responsible for a maintained or increased level of performance under pressure
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Why is the reliance on self-report methods for research into mental toughness a problem?
mental toughness is a desirable characteristic
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What are the two components of narcissism?
narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability
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Card 2

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Define personality

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Psychological qualities that contribute to and individuals enduring and distinctive patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours

Card 3

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What are the key principles of personality

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Card 4

Front

What does the enduring principle of personality refer to?

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Card 5

Front

What does the distinction principle of personaliy refer to?

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