PED2006

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Which residue does a proton pump inhibitor originally bind to in order to inhibit the H/K pump
cytosine 813
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What residue does a proton pump inhibitor bind to after docking site shift, stopping all function of H/K pump
cytosine 822
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what is the suffix of proton pump inhibitor drugs
-azole
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what is a side effect of proton pump inhibitors
masks symptoms of gastric cancer
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What do histamine receptor agonists do
competitive inhibition of h2 receptors
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what is an example of H2 receptor agonists
cimetidine
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what is alkalosis
high loss of H+
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which is not true about antacids
fast action
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how do H1 receptor antagonists produce an anti-emetic function
work on vestibular nuclei in vomiting centre
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how do muscarinic antagonists produce an anti-emetic function
effective against vestibular apparatus stimuli
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what is an example of muscarinic antagonists
hyoscine
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which anti-emetic is used post surgery?
5-HT3 antagonists
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What is ondansetron an example of?
5-HT3 antagonists
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What is metoclopramide an example of
D2 receptor antagonists
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What do anti-diarrhoeals do to delay passage of faeces
stimulate opioid receptors
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Which receptor do opioid agonists such as codeine and morphine bind to
μ receptors
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What are synthetic opioid analogues combined with to discourage abuse
atropine
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Example of synthetic opioid analogues
loperamide
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which is not true about bulk forming agents
stretch receptors to trigger peristalsis
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Which is true about osmotic laxatives
lactulose is an example
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which is false about stimulant laxatives
an example is decussate sodium
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Decussate sodium is an example of which laxative
faecal softeners
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what do faecal softeners do
coats stool
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what is the target receptor for benzodiazepines
GABAa
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What do benzodiazepines do to improve sleep
reducing time taken to fall asleep
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what are long term benzos such as diazepam and chlorazepate used for
anxiety
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which is not true about short acting benzodiazepines
they are easy to come off of
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why do long acting benzos cause unwanted drowsiness as a side effect
they are in circulation longer
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how do 5-HT agonists reduce anxiety
destruction of 5-HT neurons releases behavioural inhibition
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What is the mechanism of action for 5-HT receptor agonist Buspirone
has affinity for 5HT-1A receptor which reduces 5-HT release
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Why are beta blockers such as propranolol useful in the treatment of anxiety
antagonism of peripheral sympathetic nerves, treat physical symptoms
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Why are barbiturates no longer used for anxiety treatment
respiratory and cardiovascular depression
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What do tricyclic antidepressants block the re-uptake of?
amines, 5-HT and NA
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What are tricyclic antidepressants metabolised by
N-demethylation in the liver
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What are amitriptyline and clomipramine examples of
tricyclic antidepressants
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which is not a problem with tricyclic antidepressants
migraines
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what is rasagiline an example of
MAOIs
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What is not true of SSRIs
they have a high risk of overdose
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What type of neuroleptics are phenothiazine and butyropherones
classical
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What type of neuroleptics are dibenzdiazepine, benzamide and diphenylbutylpiperidine
atypical
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What does the side chain of phenothiazines (neuroleptics) determine
potency
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What is the mechanism of action of levodopa
mimicking dopamine in the brain
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Why is levodopa given with a decarboxylase inhibitor
to stop the carboxylation before crossing the BBB
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What are bromocriptane and pergolide examples of
dopamine agonists
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How do MAOIs help treat Parkinson's disease
retards breakdown of dopamine
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Why can levodopa not be given with an inhibitor of both MAOs
hypertensive crisis
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Acetylcholine blocking drugs such as benztropine do what
improve tremor
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Mechanism of action of antiviral agents (amantadine) in Parkinson's
influence synthesis and uptake of dopamine
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What do beta 2 agonists increase in respiratory conditions
cAMP
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What does the beta 2 agonist mediated increase in cAMP not cause
activation of adenyl cyclase
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Which beta 2 agonist is inhaled for acute symptoms
salbutamol
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Which beta 2 agonist is inhaled on a regular basis
salmetarol
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what is the mechanism of action of theophylline
inhibits phosphodiesterase to prevent cAMP breakdown
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How do steroids help respiratory conditions
down regulation of pro inflammatory cytokines
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What is the mechanism of action of antihistamines
inhibit smooth muscle contraction
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Mucoactives - what do expectorants do
increase secretion volume and hydration of mucus
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Mucoactives - what do mucoregulators do
anticholinergic, decrease secretion volume
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Which mucoactive breaks disulphide bonds linking mucin polymers
Mucolytics
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What do mucokinetics do
increase expiratory flow to improve cough clearance
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What do ADH V2 antagonists do to treat too much ADH
stop the stimulation of adenyl cyclase
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Which is not used to stimulate adenyl cyclase when treating too little ADH
typressin
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what does an oxytocin antagonist such as atosiban do
prevent premature labour
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What is carbimazole an example of
thioureylenes
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what is special about the thioureylene propylthiouracil
also blocks T3/4 in peripheral tissues
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What does a high dose of iodine do in the thyroid
stops conversion of tyrosine to T1/2
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What do MR antagonists treat
hyperaldosteronism
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What is an MR antagonists mode of action
retain Na, excrete K
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what are examples of MR antagonists
spironolactone, eplerenone
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what are MR agonists used to treat
hypoaldosteronism
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What is not true about the mode of action of the MR agonist fludrocortisone
retains Na, excretes K
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What is metyrapone used for
Cushing's syndrome
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What is metyrapone's mode of action
Blocks 11B hydroxylating enzyme
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Insulin - what are gliclazide and glimepiride examples of
sulfonylureas
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What do GLP-1 receptor agonists do
stimulate insulin secretion
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What is not true about PPAR-ay agonists
metformin is an example
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what is metformin's mode of action in type 2 diabetes
inhibit liver gluconeogenesis
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what class of drug inhibits gut glucose delivery (e.g acarbose)
a-glucosidase inhibitors
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What is the role of oestrogen in the combination pill
inhibits secretion of FSH, blocking ovulation
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What is the role of progesterone in the combination pill and the progesterone only pill
inhibits secretion of LH, preventing LH surge
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What is a PR antagonist
abortion pill
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What do GnRH antagonists do in prostate cancer
block GnRH ligand binding and LH release
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What do androgen receptor antagonists do in prostate cancer
competitively bind androgen receptor to block activation
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What is tetracyclines mechanism of action
competitively binds A site to prevent attachment of tRNA
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Antimicrobials - what do macrolides do
bind to 50s subunit
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What are macrolides metabolised by
CYP3A4
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antimicrobials - what does chloramphenicol do
inhibits transpeptidation
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What is chloramphenicol metabolised by
glucoronidation
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What is a side effect of chloramphenicol in babies
blue/grey baby syndrome
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antimicrobials - what drug class inhibits the synthesis of folate
sulphonamides
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antimicrobials - What drug inhibits the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate
trimethoprim
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What is timethoprim co administered with
sulphamethoxazole
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antimicrobials - what do fluoroquinolones do
inhibit DNA gyrase
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What CYP do fluoroquinolones inhibit
CYP1A2
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antimicrobials - what is daptomycin's mode of action
insertion into membrane of cell
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antifungals - What is not true about azoles?
raise of ergosterol
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antifungals - which best describes polyenes?
bind sterols forming an ion channel
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why are polyenes less damaging to humans than fungal infections
higher affinity for ergosterol than cholesterol
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Mode of action of echinocandins
non-competitive inhibitors of 1,3B and 1,6B D gluten synthase, leads to cell lysis
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How does mebenzadole remove worms
prevents polymerisation by targeting microtubules of worm binding to B-tubulin
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Which is not true about praziquantal
only used for tapeworms
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Mode of action of piperazine
reversibly inhibits neuromuscular transmission through GABA
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What version of herpes virus causes glandular fever
Epstein barr
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What is not true of Acyclovir (treat herpes)
converted to antiviral diphosphate form by thymidine kinase
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What do fusion inhibitors do to treat HIV
inhibit fusion of viral and cellular membranes
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What is the best description of a CCR5 inhibitor
prevent HIV-1gp120 interaction with CCR5
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What is an example of a CCR5 inhibitor
maraviroc
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What is the mechanism of NRTI (e.g zidovudine)
inhibits viral reverse transcriptase
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What is the mechanism of action of NNRTIs (e.g nevirapine, delavirdine)
denature reverse transcriptase
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What is the mechanism of action of integrase inhibitors (e.g raltegravir)
inhibits integration of viral DNA to host chromosomes
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What do NSAIDs do
inhibit production of prostaglandins
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What is a side effect of COX-1 inhibition
renal damage
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What is a side effect of COX-2 inhibition
increased risk of thrombotic events
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what is an example of an NSAID
all 3
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Steroidal - what is the mechanism of action of hydrocortisone
inhibit PLA2 and COX
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Steroidal - what is the mechanism of action of dexamethasone
inhibit genes involved in cell mediated response
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What is the mechanism of action of beclomethasone in asthma
inhibiting influx of inflammatory cells
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DMARDs - What is the mechanism of action of sulphasalazine
COX inhibitor and 5 aminosalicyclic acid scavenges radical oxygen metabolites
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DMARDs - what is the mechanism of action of penicillamine
IL1 inhibition and prevention of collagen maturation
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DMARDs - what is the mechanism of action of hydroxycholorquine
inhibit toll like receptors and antigen processing
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What is true about methotrexate
potent antirheumatoid action
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Ciclosporin
decrease in IL2 and T cell proliferation
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Which is untrue about azathioprine
side effect is rapid development of hepatotoxicity
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Biopharmaceuticals - what is not true of infliximab
humanised antibody
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Biopharmaceuticals - etanercept mode of action
acts as decoy receptor
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Biopharmaceuticals - what is not true of abatacept
chimeric antibody
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Biopharmaceuticals - what is the mode of action of anakinra
recombinant IL1 receptor antagonist
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Card 2

Front

What residue does a proton pump inhibitor bind to after docking site shift, stopping all function of H/K pump

Back

cytosine 822

Card 3

Front

what is the suffix of proton pump inhibitor drugs

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is a side effect of proton pump inhibitors

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What do histamine receptor agonists do

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