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6. Which type of pain tends to be well-localised
- Referred
- Somatic
- Neuropathic
- Visceral
7. The following is NOT a major action of the body's main natural glucocorticoid, cortisol.
- Increased sodium and water retention
- Reduced prostaglandins synthesis
- Reduction of bone mineralization
- Stimulation of the lipid and protein breakdown
8. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
- Are implied in familial colorectal cancer
- Are tumour suppressor gene
- Are proto-oncogenes
- Produce growth factors
9. What is the definition of a commensal microorganism
- A microorganism that usually lives harmlessly on our bodies
- A microorganism that needs other microorganisms to survive
- A microorganism that causes disease
- A microorganism that is transmitted from animal to human
10. Which type of diarrhea is associated with rotavirus infection
- Diarrohea related to motility disturbance
- Osmotic
- Secretory
- Exudative
11. During an inflammatory response, which inflammatory mediators "sensitise" nociceptors
- Serotonin
- Prostaglandins
- Histamine
- Bradykinins
12. Other medication that might be useful to help prevent chronic kidney disease includes
- Antibiotics
- Antihypertensives
- NSAIDs
- Phosphates
13. The cell cycle
- Regulates cell growth and proliferation
- Is reversible
- Has 7 phases
- Does not include gaps
14. The following would be considered an INTERNAL source of tissue damage
- Infection
- Ischaema
- Sunburn
- Poisoning
15. The monoamine theory of depression states that in depression
- Levels of monoamines, for example, serotonin are reduced
- Levels of monoamines, for example, glutamate, are reduced
- Levels of monoamines, for example, acetylcholine are increased
- Levels of monoamines, for example, noradrenaline are increased
16. How do ACE inhibitors work
- They block the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
- They block the liver enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
- They block the formation of the enzyme renin by the kidney
- They block the enzyme cyclooxygenase
17. In a patient with COPD which clinical feature is least likely to be present?
- Airway obstruction that is reversible
- A history of smoking
- A slowly progressive disease
- Airway inflammation
18. A blood clot within an artery is a
- Myocardial infraction
- Thrombus
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Stroke
19. Plasma proteins leaving the blood and entering an inflamed tissue include all of the following except:
- Fibrinogen
- Complement
- Histamine
- Bradykinins
20. Which of the following electrolytes is responsible for plasma osmolarity
- Calcium
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Posphate