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6. Which type of pain tends to be well-localised

  • Referred
  • Somatic
  • Neuropathic
  • Visceral

7. The following is NOT a major action of the body's main natural glucocorticoid, cortisol.

  • Increased sodium and water retention
  • Reduced prostaglandins synthesis
  • Reduction of bone mineralization
  • Stimulation of the lipid and protein breakdown

8. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes

  • Are implied in familial colorectal cancer
  • Are tumour suppressor gene
  • Are proto-oncogenes
  • Produce growth factors

9. What is the definition of a commensal microorganism

  • A microorganism that usually lives harmlessly on our bodies
  • A microorganism that needs other microorganisms to survive
  • A microorganism that causes disease
  • A microorganism that is transmitted from animal to human

10. Which type of diarrhea is associated with rotavirus infection

  • Diarrohea related to motility disturbance
  • Osmotic
  • Secretory
  • Exudative

11. During an inflammatory response, which inflammatory mediators "sensitise" nociceptors

  • Serotonin
  • Prostaglandins
  • Histamine
  • Bradykinins

12. Other medication that might be useful to help prevent chronic kidney disease includes

  • Antibiotics
  • Antihypertensives
  • NSAIDs
  • Phosphates

13. The cell cycle

  • Regulates cell growth and proliferation
  • Is reversible
  • Has 7 phases
  • Does not include gaps

14. The following would be considered an INTERNAL source of tissue damage

  • Infection
  • Ischaema
  • Sunburn
  • Poisoning

15. The monoamine theory of depression states that in depression

  • Levels of monoamines, for example, serotonin are reduced
  • Levels of monoamines, for example, glutamate, are reduced
  • Levels of monoamines, for example, acetylcholine are increased
  • Levels of monoamines, for example, noradrenaline are increased

16. How do ACE inhibitors work

  • They block the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
  • They block the liver enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
  • They block the formation of the enzyme renin by the kidney
  • They block the enzyme cyclooxygenase

17. In a patient with COPD which clinical feature is least likely to be present?

  • Airway obstruction that is reversible
  • A history of smoking
  • A slowly progressive disease
  • Airway inflammation

18. A blood clot within an artery is a

  • Myocardial infraction
  • Thrombus
  • Acute coronary syndrome
  • Stroke

19. Plasma proteins leaving the blood and entering an inflamed tissue include all of the following except:

  • Fibrinogen
  • Complement
  • Histamine
  • Bradykinins

20. Which of the following electrolytes is responsible for plasma osmolarity

  • Calcium
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Posphate