Organic Chemistry - Conditions
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- Created by: Tashaleese_99
- Created on: 10-05-17 20:07
Nitration of benzene.
Concentrated sulfuric and nitric acid, reflux, 50'C.
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Bromination of benzene.
Iron bromide OR aluminium bromide, bromine, room temperature.
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Chlorination of benzene.
Iron chloride OR aluminium chloride, anhydrous, chlorine.
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Friedal Crafts alkylation of benzene.
Chloroalkane, anyhdrous aluminium chloride, reflux.
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Oxidation of alcohols into aldehydes/ketones.
Acidified potassium dichromate OR potassium manganate, reflux.
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Reduction of aldehydes/ketones to form alcohols.
Sodiumborohydride, aqueous.
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Reduction of carboxylic acids to alcohols.
Lithium aluminium hydride, ether.
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Nucleophilic addition of HCN and aldehydes/ketones.
HCN and sulfuric acid.
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Nucleophilic addition of NaCN or KCN and aldehydes/ketones.
NaCN or KCN.
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2,4 DNP --> Brady's reagent.
Dissolve in acid.
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Iodoform test.
Iodine dissolved in aqueous NaOH.
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Nucleophilic substitution of halogenalkanes to form alcohols.
Halogenoalkane, reflux, aqueous NaOH.
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Fermentation of glucose.
Glucose, yeast, anaerobic, 30-40'C.
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Catalytic hydration of ethene.
Silicon dioxide catalyst, PHOSPHORIC ACID, water, 300'C, 60-70atm.
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The reaction between alcohols and hydrogen chloride.
Hydrogen chloride gas, anhydrous zinc chloride catalyst.
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Bromination of alcohols.
Potassium bromide, concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Iodonation of alcohols.
Warm damp red phosphorus, iodine.
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Esterification.
Concentrated sulfuric acid, reflux.
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Phenol and bromine water.
Aqueous bromine.
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Phenol and ethanoyl chloride.
A base, such as pyridine.
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Formation of aromatic carboxylic acids from aromatic primary alcohols.
Acidified potassium dichoromate and reflux.
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Formation of aromatic carboxylic acids from aromatic molecules with methyl side chains.
Heat and alkaline potassium manganate (followed by acidification to acidify the potassium salt that is produced).
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Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids.
Heat and soda lime (represented by either calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide or sodium hydroxide).
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Basic conditions for the hydrolysis of esters.
Aqueous NaOH and reflux.
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Acidic conditions for the hydrolysis of esters.
Dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, reflux.
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Formation of acid chlorides from carboxylic acids.
Anhydrous, and either phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus trichloride or sulfer dichloride oxide.
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Which of the reagents mentionned above is preferred?
Sulfer dichloride oxide: co-products are gaseous.
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Conditions for the formation of amides from carboxylic acids?
Ammonia or ammonium carbonate is added to form an ammonium salt. This is then heated to form an amide.
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Conditions for the dehydration of amides (to form nitriles)?
Heat and phosphorus (V) oxide.
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Conditions for the formation of nitriles/hydroxynitriles from the nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes?
Halogenoalkane, reflux, sodium/potassium cyanide in ethanol.
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Acid hydrolysis of nitriles.
Dilute acid, reflux.
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Basic hydrolysis of nitriles.
Aqueous NaOH, reflux.
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Acid hydrolysis of amides.
Dilute acid, heat.
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Basic hydrolysis of amides.
NaOH, heat.
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Reduction of nitriles.
Lithium aluminium hydride, ether.
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Formation of primary aliphatic amines from the nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes.
Excess ammonia dissolved in ethanol, sealed tube, heat.
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Sometimes NaOH is added to this reaction. Why?
To convert the amine salt into an amine.
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Reduction of nitrobenzenes to form aromatic amines.
Tin, concentrated HCl, reflux.
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Formation of nitric acid for the reaction between benzenediazonium ions.
Sodium nitrate and hydrochloric acid.
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Reaction between nitric acid and aromatic amines.
Temperature between 0-10'C, nitric acid.
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Coupling reactions of benzenediazonium ions.
Temperature < 10'C, NaOH.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Iron bromide OR aluminium bromide, bromine, room temperature.
Back
Bromination of benzene.
Card 3
Front
Iron chloride OR aluminium chloride, anhydrous, chlorine.
Back
Card 4
Front
Chloroalkane, anyhdrous aluminium chloride, reflux.
Back
Card 5
Front
Acidified potassium dichromate OR potassium manganate, reflux.
Back
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