Oceans

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How much of the Earth does Oceans cover??
71%
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Why is the ocean important??
Global communications , Storage of carbon, Keeping areas warmer, Diverse fauna and flora, Where life started and allows transport and travel
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Uses of the Ocean
Export/import, Tourism, Entertainment, Rubbish bin, Food, Work
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Problems with the Oceans
Sea plastics/ pollution, Harm to animals, Rising temps/height, Damage to habitats, Oil spills, Over fishing, Pirates and Smuggling
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How much of the Earth's surface did the UK rule in 1800s/ early 1900s??
~25%
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How many ships used to pass through Liverpool docks??
15-20 a day
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How many days did it take to load/ unload a ship??
8 days
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How much of the price of goods is shipping cost??
<1 %
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How many people from the Windrush were deported??
63
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What is Government??
The actual governing body
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What is Governance??
The act of governing
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When was the UN founded and how many members are there??
1945 and 193 members
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What does UNESCO stand for??
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
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When was the EU founded and how many members are there??
1993 and 28 members
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When was G7 founded and how many members are there??
1975 and 7 members
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When was G20 founded and how many members are there??
1999 with 19 members plus the EU
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When was G77 founded and how many members are there??
1964 with 77 members
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When was NATO founded and how many members are there??
1949 and 29 members
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Definition of Law
Legally binding contract or set of rules which countries must abide by. May have penalties
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Definition of Agreement
Negotiated agreement between parties as to a course of action. May or may not be legally binding
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What does UNCLOS stand for??
The United Nations Conventions on the Laws of the Sea
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When was UNCLOS signed??
1982
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How far off shore is an EEZ??
200 nautical miles
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How far off shore is a Territorial sea??
12 nautical miles
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How far off shore is a Contiguous Zone??
24 nautical miles
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How many members are there in UNCLOS??
160
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When were the UN Sustainable Development goals adopted??
2015 (targets for 2030)
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How many countries are involved in the Sustainable development goals??
193
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Which goal relates to 'Life below water'??
Goal 14
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What are some of the targets for goal 14??
2025 - Prevent and reduce marine pollution, 2020 - Sustainably manage and protect marine ecosystems, 2020 - Effectively regulate harvesting, Increase scientific Knowledge
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What does CITES stand for??
Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora
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How many species are protected by CITES??
~5800 animals and 30,000 plants
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Examples of animals in Appendix 1 (Threatened with extinction)
Med. Monk seal, Arctic Minke whale, Irrawaddy Dolphins
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Examples of animals in Appendix 2 (Trade controlled so it doesn't become threatened)
Southern Elephant seal, Great Hammerhead Shark, Seahorses
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Examples of animals in Appendix 3 (Protected in at least one country)
Brown Sea Cucumber (Ecuador), Zebra Pleco Catfish (Brazil)
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How many containers pass through the Panama Canal a week
Was 1 million then doubled in 2016
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Definition of Choke points
Point of natural congestion along a navigable passage due to being narrow with high traffic
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What and when was the first container ship and who invented it??
The Ideal X in 1963, invented by Malcolm Mcclean
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How long does it take to load/ unload a ship now??
12 hours
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How much money came from trade in 1950??
$61 billion
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How much money came from trade in 2017??
$17.7 trillion
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How many shipping companies were there comparing now??
Were ~12 now only 3 (2M, Ocean Alliance and The Alliance)
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When was the MARPOL convention??
1992
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What weight did a ship have to be before it had to be double hulled??
5000 DWt
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After what event were single hulled ships phased out??
The Erika incident in 1999 (Effective 1st September 2003)
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When did all ships become double hulled in America??
Since 1989 and the Exxon Valdez disaster
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When was it made illegal to discharge tanks within 50 miles of shore??
1954 (OILPOL)
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When did crude oil washing become mandatory for new tankers of >720,000 tonnes??
1978
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Definition of a Superpower??
Country which is powerful economically, politically and militarilly
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When was the Suez canal opened??
November 1869 (Cost $100 million)
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When did Egypt sell their share to the UK??
1875
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How long/ wide is the canal??
101 miles long and 300 m wide (11 - 16 hours to pass through)
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How much of the world's shipping does it support??
8%
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How many ships pass through a day??
50
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Why did the Suez Crisis start??
In the 1950s Egypt wanted to finance the Aswan High Dam but after they lost support from USA and the UK in July 1956 Egypt seized the canal to collect passage fees.
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When did Israel invade??
29th October followed by UK and France 2 days later
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How many ships were sunk by the Egyptians??
40
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When did Somalia loose its Government??
1991
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When was a Government reinstalled in Somalia??
2012
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How many pirate attacks were there between 2012 and 2017??
Only 1
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In 2011 how much did Piracy cost??
~$7 billion
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In 2016 how much did Piracy cost??
<$2 billion
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In 2015 how much did Piracy cost??
$1.3 billion (Lowest)
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How much did Piracy make Somalia per year??
>$200 million
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Definition of Human Smuggling
Illegal movement of people for financial benefit
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What happened in Nigeria??
Islamic extremists kidnapped 100 school girls
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When were trial submarine communication cables laid??
1842
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When were the first commercial submarine communications cables laid??
1850
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How many miles of cable is there??
5,561,268
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What % of the internet is carried through these??
95 %
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How thick are these cables??
2 inches thick
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What has happened to the number of cables since 2012??
Almost doubled - from 150 to 285 (now over 300)
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What is a hub??
Where wires connect to land
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Internet in India by 2020
730 million internet users, 150 million subscribers, online shoppers to rise to 175 million (3.5x growth since 2015)
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When did a human threat occur to the cables??
2012 - 2 shipping incidents in a month severed cables causing outrage in 9 countries
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When and were was there a plan to sabotage the cables??
2008 in Egypt (3 men)
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Since when have there been records of sharks biting cables??
1987
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When did seismic activity effect the cables??
Great Tohuku EQ in 2011, caused a turbidity flow - broke cables down to 5000 m.
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How many cables were cut by the Boxing Day Tsunami??
8 (Internet outrage in 100% of Hong Kong and SE Asia and 74% in mainland China, >90% to USA
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When was the International Cable Protection Committee formed??
1958
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When did the final war of the 'Cod Wars' end??
1976
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How far did Iceland want its EEZ??
50 nautical miles
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How much sea was allocated to Iceland ??
200 nautical miles
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How many countries occupy the Arctic ocean??
8
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How much oil and gas is believed to be in the Arctic Ocean??
~412 billion barrels of oil and 22% of the undiscovered oil and gas
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When did a Russian Sub plant a flag at the North Pole??
2007
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What claim did Russia make in the Arctic Ocean??
463,000 Sq miles, 350 nautical miles off shore
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What was Denmark's claim in the Arctic Ocean??
900,000 Km2 in December 2014
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How many people live in the Arctic??
4 million
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When did the Falkland's war start??
1982
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How many islands are there??
70+ but 2 main
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Pre 1830 who controlled the Falklands??
France, UK, Spain, Argentina and USA
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When did Argentina surrender??
14th June
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When did test drilling start in the Falklands??
2015 by the UK
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How many barrels of oil are there in the South China Sea??
11 billion
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How much natural gas is there in the South China Sea??
190 trillion feet3
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What % of the world's fisheries are in the South China Sea??
10%
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How much of the world's trade passes through the South China Sea??
30%
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What countries are effected by China's claims??
Vietnam, Philippians, Malaysia and Brunei
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How many landlocked countries are there??
45 (many in Africa)
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What is the GDP of landlocked areas??
40% lower
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What happened in Bolivia in 2013??
12 mile long queues due to interuptions
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When did Bolivia loose access to the Pacific??
1879 during the War of the Pacific
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How many personal does Bolivia have patrolling lake Titicaca??
Was 1,800 in 1963, 5000 by 2008
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When was the Treaty of defensive alliance??
1873
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When was the Chilean Proposal??
1975 ( swap land with Bolivia)
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What is the rural population of Alaska??
116,653 (21% of population and 48% native)
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What is the pay in rural ares compared to urban in Alaska??
£1 compared to £22
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When was Alaska's oil development??
1960s
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What and when was the Alaskan Native Claims Settlement Act??
1971 - 10% of state lands - $3 an acre for lands taken = ~$1 billion
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How much of the Ocean is classed as 'Global Commons'??
60%
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How much whale blubber was used in the 20th Century??
Up to 12,000 tonnes
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How much of the Blue Whale population was left in Antarctica by the 1960s??
0.15% of initial numbers
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What % of Arctic Blue whales are left??
1%
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What % of Fin whales are left??
10%
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What % of Southern Right whales are left??
12/13%
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What % of Sei whales are left??
17%
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What % of Humpback whales are left??
42%
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When was the International Whaling commission founded??
1946
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When was there an indefinite ban put on commercial whale hunting??
1986
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Who has to abide by this law??
All 168 UNCLOS countires
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When was the Southern Ocean Whale sanctuary opened??
1994 - 50 million Km2
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How many stores sell Minke Whale in Japan??
2 (20 Kg a day to restaurants)
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How much fish a year does each person eat??
19.2 Kg (2x 50 years ago)
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How much fish was caught in 2013??
93 million tonnes
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What % of fisheries are going past reproduction rate??
85%
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What % is illegal fishing??
20%
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Newfoundland Case study
1992 - no fish left, 1968 = peak - 800,000 tonnes - 60% decrease by 1975
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How many people lost their jobs in Newfoundland??
40,000 ( Cod = 40% of income)
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What was the population in the 1990s compared to today??
25,000 now 16,000
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How many fishing crews were then compared to now in Cook's Harbour??
25 now 5
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What is the current population of Cook's Harbour??
100 (was 500) - only 11 children
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Definition of sustainable development
Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
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How many depend on coastal/marine resources??
>3 billion
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When was the UN fish stocks agreement and how many states were involved??
1995 and 59 states
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How many dead fish are thrown back into the sea a year due to quotas??
1 million tonnes
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What does COAST stand for and when was it set up??
Community of Arran Sea Bed Trust (2008)
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How large is the no take zone??
2.6 Km2
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How much more abundant is life in the no take zone??
2x
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Exxon Valdez disaster facts
Alaska - March 1989, >1 million barrels spilt, Clean up took 10 days to start (10,000 workers), 3000 Sqm effected, 4 deaths, $3.8 billion, clean up, still there 21 years later and 25 years later less than 1/2 of the animal population has returned
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By how much do some spills increase??
5x
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How many plastics make up what % of all rubbish in Oceans??
9 plastics make up 90%
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How much plastic is there in every Sqm??
46,000 pieces
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What is a Gyre??
Circulating Ocean Current - 'whirl pool' - Natural rotation
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How many Gyres are there world wide??
11
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What size are microplastics??
<5mm
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How many pieces of plastic can be found in Fleshfooted Sheerwalker's stomachs??
30 pieces
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By when is India going to ban all single use plastics??
2022
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Where is trying to be the 'First refill nation'??
Wales
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When was the tax on plastic bags put in place and what were its effects??
2016 and resulted in a 90% drop in usage which is 9 billion less bags
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How many straws are used annually??
4.7 billion
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How many stirrers are used annually??
316 million
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How many cotton buds are used annually??
1.8 billion
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How large is the Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone??
~Size of Delaware (4th smallest)
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How many UNESCO marine heritage sites are there??
49 ocean places across 37 countries
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What % of protected marine areas are MHS??
10%
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When did the Belize Barrier Reef become a MHS??
1996
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How long is the Belize Barrier Reef??
300Km/ 190 miles
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How many fish species live in the Belize Barrier Reef??
500
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How many Corals live in the Belize Barrier Reef??
70 hard corals and 36 soft
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How many tourists does the Belize Barrier Reef attract??
Almost half of its 260,00 tourists
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How many people depend on fishing in Belize??
~200,000
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When was the Belize Barrier Reef identified as endangered??
2005
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When was the permanent oil moratorium put in place??
December 2015
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When was the 'In danger' status removed from the Belize Barrier Reef??
2018
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why is the ocean important??

Back

Global communications , Storage of carbon, Keeping areas warmer, Diverse fauna and flora, Where life started and allows transport and travel

Card 3

Front

Uses of the Ocean

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Problems with the Oceans

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How much of the Earth's surface did the UK rule in 1800s/ early 1900s??

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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