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6. What does information from the motor cortex areas travel to from 2/3 of the corticospinal tract?

  • Periphery to brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Red nucleus to spinal cord
  • Spinal cord to cerebellum

7. The basal ganglia is a complex...

  • Heterogenous collection of interconnected nuclei
  • Heterogenous collection of interconnected nuclei
  • Homogenous collection of independent nuclei
  • Homogenous collection of interconnected nuclei

8. What is Bradykinesia/Akinesia?

  • Difficulties with daily activities e.g. writing
  • Loss of interest with activities one previously enjoyed
  • Descending loss of memory
  • Less flexibility in the muscle tone

9. What are the lateral descending pathways involved in?

  • Initiation of voluntary movement
  • Execution of a sequence of actions
  • Control and maintenance of posture
  • Production of certain reflex movements

10. What does the motor cortico-basal ganglia loop not do?

  • Motor and cognitive selection
  • Cognitive control of actions
  • Produce excitatory and inhibitory output
  • Inhibition of actions

11. What does the basal ganglia have reduced input of?

  • GABA
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine

12. What are the pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts involved in?

  • Keep eyes stable when body moves
  • Keeps head balanced on shoulders and body
  • Stabilises posture by resisting the effects of gravity
  • Turns head in response to sensory stimuli

13. What is the cerebellum's percentage of the mass of the brain?

  • 30%
  • 25%
  • 10%
  • 7%

14. What are the basal ganglia involved in?

  • Movement initiation and control
  • Movement initiation and planning
  • Movement coordination and control
  • Movement coordination and planning

15. What is the most common first symptom of PD?

  • Loss of attention
  • Resting tremor
  • Bradykinesia/Akinesia
  • Ridgity

16. What is ataxia?

  • Uncoordinated and inaccurate movement
  • Intention tremors at the end of movements
  • Decomposition of synergistic multi joint movement
  • Miscalculation of movement distance

17. What does each hemisphere of the cerebellum control?

  • Unilateral movements
  • Ipsilateral movements
  • Contralateral movements
  • Bilateral movements

18. What do lesions to the rubrospinal and corticospinal tract result in?

  • Paralysis and recovery
  • Paralysis without recovery
  • No paralysis
  • Paralysis with potential recovery

19. What do lesions to the corticospinal tract result in?

  • Paralysis and recovery
  • No paralysis
  • Paralysis without recovery
  • Paralysis with potential recovery

20. What is the cerebellum known as?

  • Little heart
  • Little brain
  • Little muscle
  • Little motor