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6. Which of these definitions is not correct?
- Nonsense - premature stop codon
- Insertion/Deletion - frameshift
- Transition - change in base (ie purine to pyrimidine base)
- Missense - substitution
7. What's the difference between cyclic and non-cyclic phosphorylation?
- There is no difference
- Two separate photosystems are used in non-cyclic whereas the electrons are recycled when the need for ATP exceeds the need for NADPH in cyclic.
- Two separate photosystems are used in cyclic whereas the electrons are recycled when the need for ATP exceeds the need for NADPH in non-cyclic.
- Non-cyclic is only used once whereas cyclic can be used infinitely
8. What are the two types of fermentation?
- Oxygenic (Streptococcus) and Anoxygenic (yeast)
- None of the above
- Lactic acid (Streptococcus) and Alcohol (yeast)
- Lactic acid (Streptococcus) and Hydrochloric Acid (yeast)
9. Which of these definitions is INCORRECT?
- None of the above
- Dissimilation - N retention, produces NH4+
- Denitrification - N retention, produces NH4+
- Denitrification - N removal, produces N2
10. True or false: An ecosystem is a dynamic complex including plant, animal and microbial communities and abiotic factors
11. Which bacteria are particularly prevalent in the GI tract (causing disease)?
- Yersinia pestis and N. gonorrhea
- Helicobacter, Clostridium and Escherichia
- Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
- None of the above
12. Which of these is NOT a unique feature of SARS-CoV-2
- Receptor-binding domain with different amino acids to produce a polybasic cleavage site (no DNA lost in priming)
- Has less amino acids than other viruses related to it
- "Crown"-like shape with S1 + S2 spike
- S protein to bind to ACE-2 receptor and release TMPRSS2 (protease release)
13. Which protists are capable of photosynthesis?
- None of the above
- Plant-like algae (ie kelp/brown algae)
- Fungus-like H2O molds (ie Oomycetes)
- Animal-like protozoans (ie Giardia)
14. Which of these are a method of replication in bacteria?
- Rolling Circle and Bidirectional Replication
- Rolling Circle Replication
- Bidirectional Replication
- None of the above
15. To create biofilm, what are the steps IN ORDER?
- Irreversible adhesion (EPS secretion), active dispersal, colonisation, reversible adhesion (planktonic bacteria)
- Reversible adhesion (planktonic bacteria), colonisation, active dispersal, irreversible adhesion (EPS secretion)
- Reversible adhesion (planktonic bacteria), irreversible adhesion (EPS secretion), colonisation, active dispersal
- Colonisation, reversible adhesion (planktonic bacteria), active dispersal, irreversible adhesion (EPS secretion)
16. Which of these is incorrect regarding integration and bacterial genetics?
- The Hfr cell is the donor and the F+ plasmid is the recipient
- The Hfr cell is the donor and the F- plasmid is the recipient
- Contact is needed for conjugation
- DNA transfer is at the oriT site and the strand often breaks
17. What is considered a type of mutation?
- All of the above
- Spontaneous
- Transition
- Transversion
18. Which bacteria is present in the oral cavity?
- Staphylococcus aureus (several)
- Escherichia coli (cramps)
- Fuscobacterium spp. (dental plaque)
- Propionibacterium acnes (acne)
19. What are the three stages of the Calvin Cycle?
- Fixation, Decarboxlation, Redox
- Reduction, Oxidation, Fixation
- Fixation (RuBP+CO2->PGA), Reduction (3-PGA->G3P) and Regeneration (G3P+6ATP->RuBP)
- Decarboxylation, Redox and Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
20. What makes pUC19 a good cloning vector?
- It's stable and easy to amplify
- All of the above
- It's small and malleable
- Its complete sequence is known, so cloning sites are easy to detect