Memory

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what is intereference theory?
an explanation for forgetting, information conflict each other = distortion
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explanation for STM or LTM?
LTM = available information but hard to locate
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what are the types of intereference?
proactive and retroactive
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define proactive interference
old memory interefere with newer ones = boyfriend calling girlfriend by ex's name
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define retroactive intereferences
new memories affect older ones = having so many girlfrieds you frorget the names of the exes last year
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what researchers discover that intereference is worse whe memories are similar?
Mcgough and mcdonald
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how did they conduct the study?
retroactive interefernce tested, changed the amount similarity between two materials. 2 lists: original and new which were one of 6 = e.g. group 1 synonyms,2 consonant syllable, no new list on original
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what were the finding to the study?
ppt recalling OG depended on the nature of second list. synonyms were the worst (similar). intereference is strongest when memories are similar
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elaborate on the criticism that the methodology was artificial
learning lists of words is not natural in real life, distant from faces, places etc which are things we remember in the real world. cannot be affectively geenralised
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what research was conducted to test whether it was time or interference which explains forgetting
researchers asked rugby players to recall the names of teams they played in that season. players who had missed games could recall teams in the beginning of the season than those who had face all the teams.
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what was the conclusion of the rugby evidence?
that intereference can apply to some everyday situation.
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what is retrieval failure?
explanation of forgetting, insufficient cues. memory is associated with cues stored in the place at the time. available but not accessible information
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what is encoding specifity principle
if a cue helps us to recall information it has to be present at encoding and retriecal. if the cue is absent at retreival there will be some forgetting
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what is contect dependant forgetting?
when the context present at encoding and retrieval arent the same
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how did researchers conduct the study on context dependant forgetting research?
divers were asked to remember and recall a list of words underwater or on land. 4 condtions e.g. learn on land - recall in water , learn in water - recall in water
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what were the findings to the experiment
accurate recall was 40% lower in non matching conditional. external cues available at learning were different from ones at recall = retireval failure
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what is state dependant forgetting?
when the state the person is in at encoding and retrieval arent the same
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how did researchers conduct the study on state dependant forgetting
antihistamine - drowsiness, seadtive effect.encode and recall words on the drug or sober. e.g. learn on drug - recall when on drug, learn when off drug - recall when on drug
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what were the findings?
when conditions were mistmatched memory was worse. internal cues were absent = forgetting
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elaborate on the supporting evidence on retrieval failure
eysenck agrees and argues that retrieval failure is the main reason to forgetting . internal validitiy
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what is the criticism on context effects?
they arent that strong in real life. contexts have to be extremely different before effect is seen - water and land. rooms arent much different each other. lacks real life application
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how is context feffects critisised when it comes to recognition
researchers reconducted same underwater experiment but instead ppt had to say whether they recognised the workd read to them from the list context effect was absent. limitation = contet effect only works for some kinds of memory
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what is a leading question?
they way the answer was phrased suggest an answer
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how did researchers carry out their study investigating leading questions
students watched clip of car accdients. they were asked about how far the cars were travelling. "how fast were the cars going when they hit each other. IV: contacted, bumped, smashed
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what were the findings of this study?
the mean speed in the verb contacted was 31 mph but smashed was 40.5mph. biased the ewt
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why do leading questions affect ewt
influences how they answer not their memories
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what is post event discussion
when co-witnesses to a crime discuss it with eachother combinging their memories
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how was the experiement conducted investigating post event discussion
two ppt watched smae clip in different perspectives, some elements one ppt could see and the other couldnt. discussed what the saw and completed test of recall
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what were the findings?
71% of ppt recalled aspects of event that the picked up from discussion. 0% in contorl group. memory conformity was present
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how is research into EWT useful in real life applications
the consequences of false ewt is severe. police officers need to be careful when phrasing questions. improve legal system, court trials
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how may EWT research be criticised for being artificial
film clips lack stress of real accidnet. emotions influence memory. tells us little about ewt in real cases
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how may the research for ewt be critisied to have a limited sample
students were maily tested but age plays a roe in memory. research fund ages 18-45 were more accurate at recall than 55-78. only generalisable to youth.
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how did they conduct experiement investigating whether anxiety was a positive effect on ewt recall?
lab study, ppts seated in waiting room, they heard an argument next door, in low anx condition, a man then went through area with pen + grese on hand, high anx:followed argument with sound of breaking glass-man walked through withknife and blood
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what were the findings of this study?
when showed photos to identify man, low anx: 49% able to identify. 33% in high anx. tunnel theory-only focused on weapon
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how did they conduct experiement investigating whether anxiety had a positive effect on recall
conducted study from real life shooting, shop owner shot, 21 witnesses -13 consented to study. interview 5 moths after asked about how stressed they were, their accuracy of deatil, and emotional problems
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what were the findings to this study?
those who reported higher levels of stress were most accurate 88% to 75% for less stressed group
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what to the inverted U mean/
low levels of anxiety = low levels of recall., high = high recall. after a peak it starts to decline
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how may the experiment on weapon recall be criticised for being irrelevant to anxiety?
focused on weapon because they are surprised not anxiety, hair salon video - low surpised , scissors, high - chicken. ewt accuracy was pool in igh. weapon focus is due to unusualness tha threat.
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why may research in anxiety usig field studies be criticised for lacking control?
when they interview people after the event (5 months) many things will have happened in the meantime which researchers have no control over. e.g. post even t discussion. extraneous varibales.
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why is resarch in to anxiety criticised for having ethical issues
psychological harm when ceating anxiety, real life studies are benefitial because its already happened gunshop,
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what is cognitive interview?
a method of interviewing which encourages more accurate recall
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name two techniques in cognitive interview
report everything, reinstate context, reverse order, change perspective
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why is report everything a technique?
it may trigger other important meories (cues)
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why is reinstate context a technique?
conetexr dependant memory. memory is more accurate when context cues from encoding and retrieval are the same or present
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what is ECI
enhanced cognitive interview, focusses a the social dynamic of the interaction- reduce interviewees anxiety, minimising distractions, slow speaking
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why may cognitive interview be criticised for being time consuming?
standard interview is faster. more time to make sure they report everyting and alot of special training which costs money and time
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how may realising only some techniques are more effective be a positive evaluation?
report everything and reinstating context priduced better recall than any othe other conditions. at least two are useful - reduces time consumption
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elaborate on ECI's effectiveness
researchers found that enhanced CI consistently provided more correct info thn standard interview in meta analysis 50 studies. practical benefit, greater chance at catching criminial, benefits community
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what are the components in the working memory model?
central excecutive, phonological loop, visuo spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer,
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what kind of memory is the wwm trying to explain
stm
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what kind of stores does it have in its model
dynamic processors and sub units
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what does the central excecutive do?
limited in processing capaity, allocates data to slave systems, attentional process
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what kind of information does the phonological loop hold
deals with auditory information
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what are the two conponents in the phonological loop
phonological store: stores words you hear, articulatory process: allow maintenance rehearsal - capacity of this loop is 2 seconds
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what does the visuo spatial sketch pad do?
stores visual information
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what did logie subdivide the visual spactial sketch pad into?
visual cache: stores visual data, inner sxribe> record arrangement of objets in visual field
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does the episodic do?
added at 2000 intergrates spatial, visual, verbal info and maintains a sense of time, limited to four chunks. links to ltm
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how may having clinical evidence be a positive evaluation for wwm
kf, suffered brain damage. poor ability for verbal but could process visual information. e.g. recalled digits he saw but not sound. supports the existence of separate acoustic visual stores
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how do dual taks performance studies support the separate existence of information
ppt had more difficutly doing two visual tasks rhan one verbal and one visual. no overdrive. supports separate slave functions
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how may wwm be critisiced for the existence of the central excecutive
lacks clarity and isnt explained. described as the most important but least understood component.-baddely. not fully explained
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

explanation for STM or LTM?

Back

LTM = available information but hard to locate

Card 3

Front

what are the types of intereference?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

define proactive interference

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

define retroactive intereferences

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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