Memory

working memory model-evaluation-lack of clarity over central executive

psychologists suggest that this component doesnt really explain anything.however baddley said that it is the most imporant but least understood-needs be more specified than just 'attention' .some believe may consist several components.not fully expla

1 of 37

Interference Theory- what is it

some forgetting takes place due interference-when 2 pieces of info conflict with each other-result forgetting.mainly explanation for LTM.forgetting in LTM likely cus cant get acess to them.interference between mems makes harder locate them so-forgett

2 of 37

Interference theory-types

Proactive interference-older memory interferes with new memory. Retroactive interference-newer memory interferes with older

3 of 37

Interference theory-effects of similarity procedure

McGeoh+Mcdonald.studied retroactive by changing the amount similarity between 2 sets materials.P had learn list 10 words until couldnt mem with 100% accuracy-then learned new list.5 groups+1 control group-just rested

4 of 37

Interference theory-effects of similarity-findings

when p recalled original list, performance depended on second list.most similar material produced worst recall- shows interference strogest when mems similar

5 of 37

Interference theory-evaluation-evidence from lab studies

thousands lab experiments such as McGeoch+Mcdonald. most the studies show both types of interference r likely be common ways why forget LTM- strength-lab exp control effects irelevant influence- confidence interference valid explanation for someforge

6 of 37

Interference theory-evaluation-artificial materials

learning lists is not an everyday task- limiation as use of artificial tasks makes interference much more likely in lab so may not be likely explanation in everyday life as it is in the lab

7 of 37

Interference theory-evaluation-real life studies

Baddley+Hitch asked rugby players rememb names of teams they played so far in that season-some missed games so last game could have been weeks ago-players recall from 3 weeks ago was better if they played no matches since then.-shows apply everyday

8 of 37

Retrieval failure theory- what is it

when info placed in mem,associated cues stored at same time.if these cues not available at time of recall=may appear forgot info but in fact due to-retrieval failure-not able access info thats there

9 of 37

Retrieval failure theory-encoding specifity principle(ESP)

Tulving-states if cue help recall info has be present at encoding +at retrieval.if cues available at encoding+retrieval diff-will be some forgetting.

10 of 37

Retrieval failure theory-ESP cues

some cues linked to material to be remembered in meaningful way-memonic techniques.other cues encoded at time of learning but not meaningful way-context dependent forgetting(external cues)+state dependent(internal cues)

11 of 37

Retrieval failure theory-context dependent forgetting. procedure

Godden+Baddley carried out study.divers learned list of words either underwater or on land+then asked recall words either underwater or land-created 4 conditions.in this situation its crucial for divers member instructions given before diving

12 of 37

Context dependent forgetting-conext dependent forgetting.findings

accurate recall was 40% lower in the non matching conditions.the external cues available at learning were diff from ones at recall +this led to retrieval failure.

13 of 37

Retrieval failure theory-state dependent forgetting-procedure

Carter+Cassaday gave drug to their P which created internal physiological state.P had learn lists of words+passages of prose+then recall info-creating 4 conditions

14 of 37

Retrieval failure theory-state dependent forgetting-findings

in conditions where mismatch between internal state at learning +recall, performance on mem test significantly worse. so when cues absent(eg u r drowsy when recalling info but had been alert learning it) then there is more forgettong

15 of 37

Retrieval failure theory-evaluation-supporting evidence

range of research supports theory.Eysneck argues retrieval perhaps main reason for forgetting LTM.-strenght supporting evidence increased validity of explanation - especially when occurs real life+high lab controlled conditions

16 of 37

Retreival failure theory-evaluation-questioning context diffs

diff contexts have be very diff before effect is seen-learning something in 1 room+recalling in another is unlikely result in much forgetting-limiation-real life applications of retrieval failure due contexual cues dont actually explain much forgetti

17 of 37

Retrieval failure theory-evaluation-Recall vs Recognition

replication of underwater experiment-P had recognise word read to them from list-when recognition tested-no context dependent effect-performance all same in conditions-limiations-means presence or absence cues only affects mem when test in certainway

18 of 37

Leading questions-procedure. 'How fast were the cars going when they hit each other'

Loftus+Palmer arranged P watch film clips of car accidents+then gave Q bout accident.in the critical Q P were asked describe how fast cars travelling.5 groups+each given diff verb in the critical Q

19 of 37

Leading Q-findings

the verb 'contacted' resulted mean 31.8mph.verb 'smashed' mean 40.5mph. the Leading Q biased eyewitnesses recall of the event

20 of 37

Why do leading Q affect eye witness testimony?

response bias explanation-suggests wording Q no effect,just influences how decide answer. Substitutional explanation-wording of leading Q changes P memory of clip

21 of 37

Post event discussion-procedure

Gabbert studied P in pairs.Each P watched video same crime,but filmed diff points of view-meant each P could see elements other couldnt.both P then discussed what seen before completing test of recall

22 of 37

Post even discussion-findings

found 71% of P mistakenly recalled aspects of event that they didnt see in video but picked up in discussion.control group(no discussion) was 0%-Gabbert concluded witnesses often agree for social approval or believe other witness right-memoryconformi

23 of 37

misleading info-evaluation-real life application

practical uses in real world.loftus believes leading Q can have such distorting effect on mem that police need be careful how phrase Q. can improve way legal system works

24 of 37

Misleading info-evaluation-artificial tasks

limitation Loftus+Palmer study-P watched clip-diff from real accident-lack stress real accident.may tell little how leading Q effect EWT in causes real accidents or cime

25 of 37

Misleading info-evaluation-individual diffs

evidence older people less accurate than younger.Anatasi+Rhodes found people 18-25+30-45 more accurate than 55-78.however all accurate when identifying people own age.

26 of 37

Effects of anxiety-anxiety has strong emotional+physical effects.Anxiety negative effect on recall

anxiety creates physiological arousal in body which prevents paying attention to important cues so recall is worse

27 of 37

Anxiety negative effect recall.Effect of weapons procedure

Johnson+Scott led P believe taking part in lab study.while in waiting room P heard argument next door.in low anxiety condition man walked through carrying pen with grease on hands

28 of 37

effect of weapons procedure-other group

other p heard same argument+broken glass. man walked out holidng paper knife covered in blood-high anxiety condition

29 of 37

Effect of weapons-findings

P later picked out man from 50 photos.49% p saw man carrying pen were able identify him.for blood knife-33%.Tunnel theory argues witnesses attention narrows focus on weapon-source anxiety

30 of 37

Anxiety has positive effect on recall- why

stress of witnessing creates through physiological arousal - fight or flight response triggered-increases alertness +improves mem cus more aware of cues

31 of 37

Anxiety has positive effect on recall-procedure

Yuille+Cutshall conducted study real life shooting in gun shop.shot owner shot thief dead.21 witnesses-13 agreed take part.interviews held 4-5months after+compared with original police interviews at time shooting.witnesses also asked rate how stresse

32 of 37

anxiety has positive effect on recall-findings

witnesses very accurate+little change in amount of accuracy after 5months-though some details less accurate.those p who reported highest levels stress-most accurate.88%compard less stressed 75%

33 of 37

Explaining condradictory findings

according Yerkes+Dodson relationship between emotioanl arousal+performance looks like inverted U.Deffenbacher applied Yerkes-Dodson law-lower levels anxiety produce lower levels recall accuracy-more accurate as increases-however is a point reachedmax

34 of 37

Effects of anxiety-evaluation-weapon focus may not be relevant

Pickel conducted experiment using scissors,hand-gun or raw chicken as hand held items in hairdressing salon vides-scissors(low unusuallness)-EW accuracy poorer in high unusual conditions(chicken)-suggests weapon effect due unusuallness rather anxiety

35 of 37

Effects of anxiety-evaluation-field studies sometimes lack control

due interview witnesses time after event-things happen mean time that have no control over-discussion w other people -limiation-possible extraneous variables may be responsible accuracy recall-effects anxiety may be overwhelmed+impossible asses

36 of 37

Effects of anxiety-evaluation-ethical issues

creating anxiety may subject people to psychological harm.one reason is compare findings with less controlled field studies+ the benefits of this research may outweight issues

37 of 37

Get Revising

Memory

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Similar Psychology resources:

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Related discussions on The Student Room

Similar Psychology resources: