Medicine- history
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- Created by: fbkbdkjb2837
- Created on: 22-03-23 08:55
1848 James Simpson
• During an operation Hannah Green, aged 15, died from an overdose during an operation to remove her toenail.
• this was because they didn't know appropriate dosage.
• this was because they didn't know appropriate dosage.
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1848 Public Health
• 6,000 dead
• National board of health set up to improve drainage, sewers, rubbish collections, build 'public toilets', water supplies
•
• National board of health set up to improve drainage, sewers, rubbish collections, build 'public toilets', water supplies
•
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1849 Elizabeth Blackwell
• After 29 refusals Blackwell graduated top of her class at a University in New York.
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1851 Florence Nightingale
• trained as a nurse in Germany for 3 months
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1851 Elizabeth Blackwell
• Set up a clinic for children in New York.
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1853 Compulsory vaccination
• every baby must be vaccinated against smallpox.
• deaths from small pox dropped dramatically.
• deaths from small pox dropped dramatically.
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1853 Florence Nightingale
• Became superintendent of small nursing home in London.
• 'Institution for sick Gentlemen In Distressed Circumstances'.
• Send to Scutari in Crimean War with a team of 38 nurses.
• 'Institution for sick Gentlemen In Distressed Circumstances'.
• Send to Scutari in Crimean War with a team of 38 nurses.
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1853 Joseph Bazalgette- Sewer system
Great stink
Heat wave in summer and river thames smelt even worse.
Parliament gave £3 million to the Metropolitan Board of Works to sort out the problem- public health
31 billion gallons annually flushed away
Heat wave in summer and river thames smelt even worse.
Parliament gave £3 million to the Metropolitan Board of Works to sort out the problem- public health
31 billion gallons annually flushed away
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1854 Florence Nightingale
• Within 6 moths she had lowered death rate from 40% to 2%due to hygiene and cleanliness of supplies.
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1854 John Snow
cholera returned and killed 20,000
over 700 people living around Broad Street in London died. He found out that all the victims got their water from Broad Street water pump. He removed the handle so people had to go elsewh
over 700 people living around Broad Street in London died. He found out that all the victims got their water from Broad Street water pump. He removed the handle so people had to go elsewh
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1855 Joseph Balagette
• Asked to draw up plans of network of underground tunnels (sewers) to collect all waste from nearly 1 million London houses before it could flow into river thames.
• Powerful pumps, the largest ever made were to push the sewage waste along.
• Given £3 mi
• Powerful pumps, the largest ever made were to push the sewage waste along.
• Given £3 mi
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1859 Elizabeth Blackwell
• Met Elizabeth Garrett Anderson who also decided to become a doctor.
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1860 Florence Nightingale
• Notes on Nursing released and became bestseller.
• Visits Queen Victoria
• Visits Queen Victoria
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1861 Germ theory
• Pasteur heated milk and beer to get rid of germs
• Bent the spout so air can't reach the liquid
• Proved spontaneous generation wrong
• Now prevent food going off
• Bacteriology
• Bent the spout so air can't reach the liquid
• Proved spontaneous generation wrong
• Now prevent food going off
• Bacteriology
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1861 - 65 Elizabeth Garrett
• Applied to every university to train as a doctor but was refused.
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1863 Nightingale
• Notes on Hospitals introduces new ideas on hospital design
• Opens nurse training school at St Thomas's Hospital after raising £44,000.
• Opens nurse training school at St Thomas's Hospital after raising £44,000.
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1864 Joseph Lister
• the workers from the sewage of Carlisle and they used carbolic acid to prevent the smell and destroyed parasites.
• He experimented with compound fractures and applied soaked bandages which healed the wound and stopped gangrene from developing.
• He experimented with compound fractures and applied soaked bandages which healed the wound and stopped gangrene from developing.
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1865 Joseph Lister
• He tested his ideas on an 11 year old boy who had an open leg fracture.
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1865 Pasteur
• Silkworms dying due to disease being spread by germs in the air
• Disproved spon. gen.
• Showed cures were wrong ie. King Charles
• Disproved spon. gen.
• Showed cures were wrong ie. King Charles
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1865 Garrett
• discovered that the Society of Apothecaries didn't ban women from taking exams where she studied privately and passed.
• She then studied at University of Paris where she passed a degree in Medicine.
• She then studied at University of Paris where she passed a degree in Medicine.
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1866 Sanitary Act
The Act compelled local authorities to take action to improve local conditions; they became responsible for the provision of clean drinking water, ensuring sewerage systems were in place, tackling overcrowding, and removal or improvement of slum dwellings
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1867 Joseph Lister
• Announced that his wards were clear for 9 months from sepsis.
• In 1864 to 66 the death rate from infections after operations
• In 1867 to 70 the death rate from infection after operations were 15%
• He published his work.
• In 1864 to 66 the death rate from infections after operations
• In 1867 to 70 the death rate from infection after operations were 15%
• He published his work.
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1867 Working class vote
• Working class men now go the vote
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1869 Sophia Jex - Blake
• Decided to become a doctor.
• Persuaded Edinburgh University to allow her and 3 others to be taught in separate classes.
• After complaints from men the uni said degrees couldn't be given to women.
• Persuaded Edinburgh University to allow her and 3 others to be taught in separate classes.
• After complaints from men the uni said degrees couldn't be given to women.
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1870 Women
• Frances Hoggan qualified abroad
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1872 Women
• Elizabeth Walker qualified abroad
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1874 Jex Blake
• Founded London School of Medicine for Women
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1875 Housing Act
• councils have the power to pull down bad houses and make them better
• improve health in pop. reduce disease spread
• improve health in pop. reduce disease spread
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1875 Koch
• Identified the microbe that caused anthrax in animals
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1875 Jex Blake
• Took this case to Parliament and eventually a law was passed making it legal to award women degrees.
• However she went to Switzerland and took a medical degree and later qualified as a doctor in Ireland.
• However she went to Switzerland and took a medical degree and later qualified as a doctor in Ireland.
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1875 Public Health Act
• Local councils must keep the pavement lit, paved and clean. Sewers must be mean and rubbish cleared. Taxes can be increased to pay for this.
• Safer streets = lower crime rates
• Safer streets = lower crime rates
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1877 Lister
• he became a Professor of Surgery at King's College Hospital, London.
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1881 Women
• There were over 25 qualified women doctors on the medical register
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1882 Garrett
• Opened a new hospital for women in London.
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1882 Koch
• Discovered the germ that cause tuberculosis (TB)
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1883 Koch
• Identified the germ that caused cholera
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1883 Garrett
• Became Dean of the London School of Medicine for Women
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1889 Marie Curie
• Discovered polonium and radium with Henri Becquerel and Pierre Curie.
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1890 Behring
• discovered diphtheria antitoxin
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1895 Marie Curie
• X-rays discovered
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1899 - 1902 Boer war
• Britain vs Africa
• 40/100 men unfit to be soldiers
• 40/100 men unfit to be soldiers
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1900 Karl Landsteiner
• discovered blood groups
• allowed successful blood transfusions
• allowed successful blood transfusions
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1901 Women
• there were 212 women registered
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1902 Garrett
• Elected mayor of Aldeburgh
• 1st Woman Mayor of England
• 1st Woman Mayor of England
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1903 Marie Curie
• Won Nobel prize for Physics
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1905 Koch
• Won a Nobel prize for medicine or physiology
• for his investigations and discoveries in relations to tuberculosis
• for his investigations and discoveries in relations to tuberculosis
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1906 School Meals Act
• Allowed local councils to provide school meals for free
• 1914 15,800 children having free meal
• 1914 15,800 children having free meal
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1907 school medical services
• at first doctors examined and parents paid later
• However many parents couldn't follow through with the payment so the government paid for clinics to be set up where treatment was free.
• However many parents couldn't follow through with the payment so the government paid for clinics to be set up where treatment was free.
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1907 Mothers class
• specials schools set up to teach young women about the benefits of breast feeding, hygiene and childcare.
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1908 Children and Young Persons Act
• protected persons
• meant parents were breaking the law by neglecting their children.
• meant parents were breaking the law by neglecting their children.
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1909 Ehrlich
• Salvarsan 606 found
• Magic Bullet to treat syphillis
• Magic Bullet to treat syphillis
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1909 housing act
• overcrowded back to back housing banned.
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1910 Marie Curie
• New radium institute was created for her and searched
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1911 Marie Curie
• Nobel prize for Chemistry
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1911 Ehrlich
• Salvarsan 606
• Magic bullet to treat syphillis
• First person to have it was 1911
• Magic bullet to treat syphillis
• First person to have it was 1911
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1911 Marie Curie
• Nobel Prize for Chemistry
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1914 Albert Hustin
• discovered that glucose and sodium citrate stopped blood from clotting on contact with air.
• blood could now be bottled, packed in ice and taken to where it was needed by soldiers operating on soldiers
• blood could now be bottled, packed in ice and taken to where it was needed by soldiers operating on soldiers
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1914 - 1918 WW1
broken bones
broken bones
• Broken bones
• New techniques discovered to heal the bones including the Army Leg Splint (aka Keller - Blake Splint) which elevated and extend the leg 'in traction'. This helped the bones knit together more securely. the splint is still in use today.
• New techniques discovered to heal the bones including the Army Leg Splint (aka Keller - Blake Splint) which elevated and extend the leg 'in traction'. This helped the bones knit together more securely. the splint is still in use today.
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1914 - 1921 WW1
limbs
limbs
• Prosthetic Limbs were need as many army men lost limbs during the war.
• advances in prosthetic limbs included the use of light alloys and new mechanisms, but there were long waiting lists and patients then needed training to use then properly.
• advances in prosthetic limbs included the use of light alloys and new mechanisms, but there were long waiting lists and patients then needed training to use then properly.
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1914 - 1918 WW1
infections
infections
• Lethal wound infections such as gangrene were common.
• Though trial and error surgeons found that the best way to prevent this was to cut away the infected flesh and soak the wound in salty saline solution.
• Although not ideal this short term battle s
• Though trial and error surgeons found that the best way to prevent this was to cut away the infected flesh and soak the wound in salty saline solution.
• Although not ideal this short term battle s
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1914 - 1918 WW1
shell shock- psychological help
shell shock- psychological help
• Often the war caused shell shock in men which could cause them to shake or have panic attacks or not be able to talk or move.
• At the start of the war the army refused to believe in this condition but by the end as there were so many cases that shell s
• At the start of the war the army refused to believe in this condition but by the end as there were so many cases that shell s
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1914 - 1918 ww1
women
women
• many new opportunities opened up for women as their male counterparts were encouraged to work or fight in the war.
• By 1918 there were over 10,000 trained nurses in comparison to 1914 which had fewer than 300.
• By 1918 there were over 10,000 trained nurses in comparison to 1914 which had fewer than 300.
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1914 Marie Curie
• Mobile x-rays 'Petit Curies'.
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1917 women
• there were 441 women registered as nurses
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1917 WW1
plastic surgery
plastic surgery
• Harold Gillies opened up Queens Hospital Kent which specialised in plastic surgery for men suffering facial wounds.
• Provided over 1000 beds for the soldiers that were being treated.
• Over 5000 servicemen had been treated by 1921.
• Provided over 1000 beds for the soldiers that were being treated.
• Over 5000 servicemen had been treated by 1921.
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1918 Homes fit for heroes act
• Special houses built for war veterans
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1918 Mothers act
• Local councils to provide health visitors, clinics for pregnant women and day nurseries.
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1919 WW1
• Ministry of Health created.
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1919 Housing act
• local councils to build new houses for poorer families
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1928 Fleming
• Penicillin
• Fleming was carrying out research on staphylococci. Involved growing germs on petri dishes.
• Came to clean a pile of dirty discarded dishes and noticed that a mould spore had grown on one.
• Around the mould germs had stopped growing. The
• Fleming was carrying out research on staphylococci. Involved growing germs on petri dishes.
• Came to clean a pile of dirty discarded dishes and noticed that a mould spore had grown on one.
• Around the mould germs had stopped growing. The
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1929 and 1931 Fleming
• Fleming published his work in 'British Journal of Experimental Pathology' but did no more.
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1932 Magic Bullet
• Fleming published his work in 'British Journal of Experimental Pathology' but did no more.
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1930 Slum clearance
• Huge slum clearance programme, again improving lifestyle of the children who lived in them.
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1932 Gerhard Domagk
• discovered Prontonsil - stopped streptococcus microbe from multiplying in humans and mice.
• Sulphonamides - derived drugs that were capable of fighting other diseases
• Sulphonamides - derived drugs that were capable of fighting other diseases
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1938 Florey(Oxford) and Chain (refugee from Germany)
• Florey's team studied germ killing substances and came across Fleming's article
• Succeeded in producing small quantities of pure penicillin and successfully tested on mice
• didn't have enough resources to manufacture the pure penicillin in large amoun
• Succeeded in producing small quantities of pure penicillin and successfully tested on mice
• didn't have enough resources to manufacture the pure penicillin in large amoun
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1939 WW2
health care
health care
• Emergency Medical Service (which lead to NHS) was created.
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1939 - 1945 WW2
women
women
• Women got new opportunities as doctors. although less thaN IN WW1.
• many nurses served aboard with the army as a part of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD), Territorial Army Nursing Service (TANS) and Queen Alexandra'
• many nurses served aboard with the army as a part of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD), Territorial Army Nursing Service (TANS) and Queen Alexandra'
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1939 - 1945 WW2
plastic surgery
plastic surgery
• Plastic surgery
• Only 4 fully experienced plastic surgeons in Britain. They were asked to lead 4 plastic surgery units specialising in treatment of burns of injured pilots.
• Archibald McIndoe (relative of Harold Gillies who was knighted in 1930) reali
• Only 4 fully experienced plastic surgeons in Britain. They were asked to lead 4 plastic surgery units specialising in treatment of burns of injured pilots.
• Archibald McIndoe (relative of Harold Gillies who was knighted in 1930) reali
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1939 - 1945 WW2
blood
blood
• The army blood supply was set up in Bristol and 4 large blood banks for civilians were established around London.
• Over 700,000 donors gave blood.
• The discovery of Rhesus blood group system in 1939 meant that transfusions became safer.
• Over 700,000 donors gave blood.
• The discovery of Rhesus blood group system in 1939 meant that transfusions became safer.
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1939 - 1945 WW2
vaccine
vaccine
• tetanus vaccine prevented 17,000 soldiers during the battle of Dunkirk from developing the fatal infection of the bloodstream .
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1939 - 1945 WW2
PTSD
PTSD
• Attitudes towards PTSD changed as the condition became more understood.
• 18 psychiatric hospitals were set up to care for servicemen with mental health problems, often in stately homes to aid their recovery.
• 18 psychiatric hospitals were set up to care for servicemen with mental health problems, often in stately homes to aid their recovery.
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1940 Florey and Chain
• Tested penicillin on policeman who died when resources ran out
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1941 Florey and Chain
• USA entered war with Japan in Pearl Harbour.
• USA made grants to allow companies to buy equipment to mass produce penicillin
• USA made grants to allow companies to buy equipment to mass produce penicillin
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1942 Beveridge Report
• local authorities were ordered to give out free school milk
• Emergency medical service set up for free. After war people thought this schould continue. people accepted that government should be more involved
• programme of evacuation. People who took c
• Emergency medical service set up for free. After war people thought this schould continue. people accepted that government should be more involved
• programme of evacuation. People who took c
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1943 Florey and Chain
• British produced penicillin.
• D-day enough penicillin to treat soldiers.
• D-day enough penicillin to treat soldiers.
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1945 Florey and Chain
• 1/6 of wounded men were saved. Costs were reduced and it was used across the word to treat a whole range of diseases.
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1948 NHS
• Labour introduced it.
• providing free heath care for all
• 'from cradle to grave'
gov funded
• providing free heath care for all
• 'from cradle to grave'
gov funded
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
• 6,000 dead
• National board of health set up to improve drainage, sewers, rubbish collections, build 'public toilets', water supplies
•
• National board of health set up to improve drainage, sewers, rubbish collections, build 'public toilets', water supplies
•
Back
1848 Public Health
Card 3
Front
• After 29 refusals Blackwell graduated top of her class at a University in New York.
Back
Card 4
Front
• trained as a nurse in Germany for 3 months
Back
Card 5
Front
• Set up a clinic for children in New York.
Back
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