6. Where in the world/in the human body does MRSA cause illness?
If it enters the skin, it can affect all three layers of the skin: upper, middle, and lower dermis. Can enter the bloodstream and track around the heart. Geographically: anywhere with high antibiotics use (e.g. USA or Europe)
If it enters the skin, it can affect all three layers of the skin: upper, middle, and lower dermis. Can enter the bloodstream and track around the body. Geographically: anywhere with high antibiotics use (e.g. USA or Europe)
If it enters the skin, it can affect all four layers of the skin: upper, middle, and lower and basal dermis. Can enter the bloodstream and track around the body. Geographically: anywhere with high antibiotics use (e.g. USA or Europe)
If it enters the skin, it can affect all three layers of the skin: upper, middle, and lower dermis. Can enter the bloodstream and track around the body. Geographically: anywhere with high antibiotics use (e.g. Africa and Asia).
7. Where in the world/on the body does Chlamydia trachomatis effect people most?
Anywhere in the world. On Women: in the cervix, rectum, and throat. On Men: in the penis, rectum, and throat.
Anywhere in the world. On Women: in the cervix, rectum, and groin. On Men: in the urethra, rectum, and groin.
Anywhere in the world. On Women: in the cervix, rectum, and throat. On Men: in the urethra, rectum, and throat.
Anywhere in the world. On Women: in the vaginal canal, rectum, and throat. On Men: in the urethra, rectum, and throat.
8. Why does Wuchereria bancrofti cause illness?
Lymphatic filariasis (bancroftian): downstream obstruction of lymph vessels by young worms = blockage. Also causes Interstitial fibrosis: diffusible substances from live or dead worms (Dreyer et.al., 2000)
Lymphatic filariasis (bancroftian): downstream obstruction of lymph vessels by adult worms = blockage. Also causes Interstitial fibrosis: diffusible substances from live or dead worms (Dreyer et.al., 2000)
Lymphatic filariasis (bancroftian): The obstruction of lymph vessels by adult worms. Also causes Interstitial filariasis: diffusible substances from live or dead worms (Dreyer et.al., 2000)
Lymphatic microfilariasis (bancroftian): downstream obstruction of lymph vessels by adult worms = blockage. Also causes Interstitial fibrosis: diffusible substances from live or dead worms (Dreyer et.al., 2000)
9. Who is susceptible to Wuchereria bancrofti?
People living in areas where mosquitos are prominent (e.g. Anopheles mosquitos). Also, children and the elderly/immunocompromised
People living in areas where mosquitos are prominent (e.g. Anopheles mosquitos). Also, there has been a proven mild genetic link - as the regulation of the infection depends on the patient's immune system.
People living in Africa and Asia. Also, there has been a proven mild genetic link - as the regulation of the infection depends on the patient's immune system.
Men living in areas where mosquitos are prominent (e.g. Anopheles mosquitos). Also, there has been a proven mild genetic link - as the regulation of the infection depends on the patient's immune system.
10. Why does Chlamydia trachomatis cause infection?
According to CDC: are obligate, extracellular organisms with G- cell wall. After 10 hours, elementary bodies (EB) become reticulate bodies (RB) + multiply inside cell inclusion. 72 hours, RBs > EBs again, released, and infect new cells/host.
According to CDC: are obligate, intracellular organisms with G- cell wall. After 8 hours, reticulate bodies (RB) become elementary bodies (EB) + multiply inside cell inclusion. 24 hours, EBs > RBs again, released, and infect new cells/host.
According to CDC: are obligate, intracellular organisms with G- cell wall. After 8 hours, elementary bodies (EB) become reticulate bodies (RB) + multiply inside cell inclusion. 24 hours, RBs > EBs again, released, and infect new cells/host.
According to CDC: are small, intracellular organisms with G+ cell wall. After 9 hours, elementary bodies (EB) become reticulate bodies (RB) + multiply inside cell inclusion. 24 hours, RBs > EBs again, released, and infect new cells/host.
11. Which organisms cause Wuchereria bancrofti infections?
The Wuchereria bancrofti nematode (worm), of which the adults cause lymphatic filariasis.
The Brugia malayi nematode (worm), of which the adults cause lymphatic filariasis.
The Wuchereria bancrofti worm, of which the adults cause lymphatic filariasis.
The Wuchereria bancrofti nematode (worm), of which the young worms cause lymphatic filariasis.
12. Why does E.Coli cause illness? (Nguyen and Sperandio, 2012)
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.Coli colonises large intestine, releases Shiga Toxin, which has 2 subunints. B: pentamer, binds to GB3. A: mediates RNA N-glycosidase activity. Shiga enters blood, expresses GB3, travels to intestine.
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.Coli colonises large intestine, releases Shiga Toxin, which has 2 subunints. B: pentamer, binds to GB3. A: mediates RNA N-glycosidase activity. Shiga binds to endothilia, expresses GB3, enters blood.
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.Coli colonises large intestine, releases Shiga Toxin, which has 2 subunints. A: pentamer, binds to GB3. B: mediates RNA N-glycosidase activity. Shiga binds to endothilia, expresses GB3, enters blood.
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.Coli colonises large intestine, releases Shiga Toxin, which has 2 subunints. B: pentamer, binds to GB3. A: mediates RNA N-glycosidase activity. Shiga binds to mucous, expresses GB3, enters blood.
13. How is MRSA treated/cured?
Body washes and shampoo with chlorine are given to carriers, as well as nostril ointment containing Mupirocin or Naseptin. Parenteral treatment (UK) involves Vancomysin; and cellulitis can be treated using Tetracylcines and/or co-Trimozadole.
Body washes and shampoo with chlorohexidine are given to carriers, as well as nostril ointment containing Mupirocin or Naseptin. Parenteral treatment (UK) involves Vancomysin; and cellulitis can be treated using Amoxycillins and/or co-Trimozadole.
Body washes and shampoo with chlorohexidine are given to carriers, as well as nostril ointment containing Mupirocin or Naseptin. Parenteral treatment (UK) involves Vancomysin; and cellulitis can be treated using Tetracylcines and/or co-Trimozadole.
Antibiotics, such as flocloxocillin and vanomycin
14. Where in the world/in the body does Wuchereria bancrofti cause illness?
It causes infections by entering the bloodstream and multiplying in the lymph system - causing leg and/or scrotum swelling. It is most commonly found to occur in Europe, America, and Eastern Asia.
It causes infections by entering the bloodstream and multiplying in the lymph system - causing leg and/or scrotum swelling. It is most commonly found to occur in Asia, Africa, and the Americas - due to heightened mosquito populations.
It causes infections by entering the bloodstream and multiplying in the lymph system - causing leg swelling. It is most commonly found to occur in Asia, Africa, and the Americas - due to heightened mosquito populations.
It causes infections by entering the lymph system and multiplying - causing leg and/or scrotum swelling. It is most commonly found to occur in Asia, Africa, and the Americas - due to heightened mosquito populations.
15. How is Chlamydia trachomatis treated/cured?
If caught early, antibiotics can cure it. Azithromycin: 2/4 tablets at once; Doxycycline: 2 tablets a day for 7 days. (NHS)
If caught early, antibiotics can cure it. Azithromycin: 3/4 tablets at once; Doxycycline: 4 tablets a day for 7 days. (NHS)
If caught early, antibiotics can cure it. Acrythromycin: 2/4 tablets at once; Adoxycycline: 2 tablets a day for 7 days. (NHS)
If caught early, antibiotics can cure it. Clarithromycin: 2/4 tablets at once; Doxymycine: 2 tablets a day for 7 days. (NHS)
16. When should Chlamydia trachomatis organisms be isolated?
Organisms can be isolated at any time during infection. Can also detect antigent, toxic acids, or antibodies in the absence of infectious particles (Chernesky, 2005)
Organisms can be isolated in the daytime. Can also detect antigent, nucleic acids, or antibodies in the absence of infectious particles (Chernesky, 2005)
Organisms can be isolated at any time during infection. Can also detect antigent, nucleic acids, or antibodies in the absence of infectious particles (Chernesky, 2005)
Organisms can be isolated at any time during infection. Can also detect antigent, nucleic acids, or exotoxins in the absence of infectious particles (Chernesky, 2005)
17. How is E.Coli treated/cured?
Symptoms usually pass without treatment. Antibiotics aren't advised, as it reduces healthy microbiome. Rest + food at home recommended. If progressed to Hemolytic uremia syndrome, this requires IV fluids, or blood transfusions.
Symptoms pass without treatment every time. Antibiotics aren't advised, as it reduces healthy microbiome. Rest + fluids at home recommended. If progressed to Hemolytic uremic syndrome, this requires IV fluids, blood transfusions, or even dialysis.
Symptoms usually pass without treatment. Antibiotics aren't advised, as it reduces healthy microbiome. Rest + fluids at home recommended. If progressed to Hemolytic uremic syndrome, this requires IV fluids, blood transfusions, or even dialysis.
Antibiotics are advised, as well as rest + fluids at home. If progressed to Hemolytic uremic syndrome, this requires IV medication, blood transfusions, or even dialysis.
18. When should MRSA be isolated?
Any time during infection, via swab inside the nostrils.
Some hospitals screen before admission as a selective patient, or on admission as an emergency patient. Patients are also screened regularly throughout stay. Screening is also done if a doctor suspects a carrier.
Some hospitals screen before admission as a selective patient, or on admission as an emergency patient. Patients are also screened regularly throughout stay. Screening is also done if a doctor suspects illness, or carrier.
Some hospitals screen on admission as an emergency patient, or just before dismissal. Patients are also screened regularly throughout stay. Screening is also done if a doctor suspects illness, or carrier.
19. Who is susceptible to E.Coli?
People residing in mosquito-prone areas (Asia, Africa, South America)
Anyone exposed to contaminated food (i.e. raw eggs, undercooked steak), and the young/elderly/unwell
Anyone exposed to contaminated food (i.e. undercooked ground beef, raw vegetables) and the young/elderly/unhealthy
Anyone in hospital
20. What lab techniques are used to detect Chlamydia trachomatis?
Swab (no wood shaft) - e.g. cytobrush. Refrigerated (24hr+ = -70 frozen). Can be isolated, or antigens detected. Serum = not recommended. (Chernesky, 2005)
Swab (no wood shaft) - e.g. cytobrush. Refrigerated (24hr+ = -70 frozen). Only organisms themselves can be detected. Serum = not recommended. (Chernesky, 2005)
Swab (no wood shaft) - e.g. cytobrush. Refrigerated (24hr+ = -75 frozen). Can be isolated, or antigens detected. Serum samples recommended. (Chernesky, 2005)
Swab (wood shaft) - e.g. cytobrush. Refrigerated (12hr+ = -70 frozen). Can be isolated, or antigens detected. Serum = not recommended. (Chernesky, 2005)