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6. Where in the world/in the human body does MRSA cause illness?

  • If it enters the skin, it can affect all three layers of the skin: upper, middle, and lower dermis. Can enter the bloodstream and track around the heart. Geographically: anywhere with high antibiotics use (e.g. USA or Europe)
  • If it enters the skin, it can affect all three layers of the skin: upper, middle, and lower dermis. Can enter the bloodstream and track around the body. Geographically: anywhere with high antibiotics use (e.g. USA or Europe)
  • If it enters the skin, it can affect all four layers of the skin: upper, middle, and lower and basal dermis. Can enter the bloodstream and track around the body. Geographically: anywhere with high antibiotics use (e.g. USA or Europe)
  • If it enters the skin, it can affect all three layers of the skin: upper, middle, and lower dermis. Can enter the bloodstream and track around the body. Geographically: anywhere with high antibiotics use (e.g. Africa and Asia).

7. Where in the world/on the body does Chlamydia trachomatis effect people most?

  • Anywhere in the world. On Women: in the cervix, rectum, and throat. On Men: in the penis, rectum, and throat.
  • Anywhere in the world. On Women: in the cervix, rectum, and groin. On Men: in the urethra, rectum, and groin.
  • Anywhere in the world. On Women: in the cervix, rectum, and throat. On Men: in the urethra, rectum, and throat.
  • Anywhere in the world. On Women: in the vaginal canal, rectum, and throat. On Men: in the urethra, rectum, and throat.

8. Why does Wuchereria bancrofti cause illness?

  • Lymphatic filariasis (bancroftian): downstream obstruction of lymph vessels by young worms = blockage. Also causes Interstitial fibrosis: diffusible substances from live or dead worms (Dreyer et.al., 2000)
  • Lymphatic filariasis (bancroftian): downstream obstruction of lymph vessels by adult worms = blockage. Also causes Interstitial fibrosis: diffusible substances from live or dead worms (Dreyer et.al., 2000)
  • Lymphatic filariasis (bancroftian): The obstruction of lymph vessels by adult worms. Also causes Interstitial filariasis: diffusible substances from live or dead worms (Dreyer et.al., 2000)
  • Lymphatic microfilariasis (bancroftian): downstream obstruction of lymph vessels by adult worms = blockage. Also causes Interstitial fibrosis: diffusible substances from live or dead worms (Dreyer et.al., 2000)

9. Who is susceptible to Wuchereria bancrofti?

  • People living in areas where mosquitos are prominent (e.g. Anopheles mosquitos). Also, children and the elderly/immunocompromised
  • People living in areas where mosquitos are prominent (e.g. Anopheles mosquitos). Also, there has been a proven mild genetic link - as the regulation of the infection depends on the patient's immune system.
  • People living in Africa and Asia. Also, there has been a proven mild genetic link - as the regulation of the infection depends on the patient's immune system.
  • Men living in areas where mosquitos are prominent (e.g. Anopheles mosquitos). Also, there has been a proven mild genetic link - as the regulation of the infection depends on the patient's immune system.

10. Why does Chlamydia trachomatis cause infection?

  • According to CDC: are obligate, extracellular organisms with G- cell wall. After 10 hours, elementary bodies (EB) become reticulate bodies (RB) + multiply inside cell inclusion. 72 hours, RBs > EBs again, released, and infect new cells/host.
  • According to CDC: are obligate, intracellular organisms with G- cell wall. After 8 hours, reticulate bodies (RB) become elementary bodies (EB) + multiply inside cell inclusion. 24 hours, EBs > RBs again, released, and infect new cells/host.
  • According to CDC: are obligate, intracellular organisms with G- cell wall. After 8 hours, elementary bodies (EB) become reticulate bodies (RB) + multiply inside cell inclusion. 24 hours, RBs > EBs again, released, and infect new cells/host.
  • According to CDC: are small, intracellular organisms with G+ cell wall. After 9 hours, elementary bodies (EB) become reticulate bodies (RB) + multiply inside cell inclusion. 24 hours, RBs > EBs again, released, and infect new cells/host.

11. Which organisms cause Wuchereria bancrofti infections?

  • The Wuchereria bancrofti nematode (worm), of which the adults cause lymphatic filariasis.
  • The Brugia malayi nematode (worm), of which the adults cause lymphatic filariasis.
  • The Wuchereria bancrofti worm, of which the adults cause lymphatic filariasis.
  • The Wuchereria bancrofti nematode (worm), of which the young worms cause lymphatic filariasis.

12. Why does E.Coli cause illness? (Nguyen and Sperandio, 2012)

  • Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.Coli colonises large intestine, releases Shiga Toxin, which has 2 subunints. B: pentamer, binds to GB3. A: mediates RNA N-glycosidase activity. Shiga enters blood, expresses GB3, travels to intestine.
  • Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.Coli colonises large intestine, releases Shiga Toxin, which has 2 subunints. B: pentamer, binds to GB3. A: mediates RNA N-glycosidase activity. Shiga binds to endothilia, expresses GB3, enters blood.
  • Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.Coli colonises large intestine, releases Shiga Toxin, which has 2 subunints. A: pentamer, binds to GB3. B: mediates RNA N-glycosidase activity. Shiga binds to endothilia, expresses GB3, enters blood.
  • Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.Coli colonises large intestine, releases Shiga Toxin, which has 2 subunints. B: pentamer, binds to GB3. A: mediates RNA N-glycosidase activity. Shiga binds to mucous, expresses GB3, enters blood.

13. How is MRSA treated/cured?

  • Body washes and shampoo with chlorine are given to carriers, as well as nostril ointment containing Mupirocin or Naseptin. Parenteral treatment (UK) involves Vancomysin; and cellulitis can be treated using Tetracylcines and/or co-Trimozadole.
  • Body washes and shampoo with chlorohexidine are given to carriers, as well as nostril ointment containing Mupirocin or Naseptin. Parenteral treatment (UK) involves Vancomysin; and cellulitis can be treated using Amoxycillins and/or co-Trimozadole.
  • Body washes and shampoo with chlorohexidine are given to carriers, as well as nostril ointment containing Mupirocin or Naseptin. Parenteral treatment (UK) involves Vancomysin; and cellulitis can be treated using Tetracylcines and/or co-Trimozadole.
  • Antibiotics, such as flocloxocillin and vanomycin

14. Where in the world/in the body does Wuchereria bancrofti cause illness?

  • It causes infections by entering the bloodstream and multiplying in the lymph system - causing leg and/or scrotum swelling. It is most commonly found to occur in Europe, America, and Eastern Asia.
  • It causes infections by entering the bloodstream and multiplying in the lymph system - causing leg and/or scrotum swelling. It is most commonly found to occur in Asia, Africa, and the Americas - due to heightened mosquito populations.
  • It causes infections by entering the bloodstream and multiplying in the lymph system - causing leg swelling. It is most commonly found to occur in Asia, Africa, and the Americas - due to heightened mosquito populations.
  • It causes infections by entering the lymph system and multiplying - causing leg and/or scrotum swelling. It is most commonly found to occur in Asia, Africa, and the Americas - due to heightened mosquito populations.

15. How is Chlamydia trachomatis treated/cured?

  • If caught early, antibiotics can cure it. Azithromycin: 2/4 tablets at once; Doxycycline: 2 tablets a day for 7 days. (NHS)
  • If caught early, antibiotics can cure it. Azithromycin: 3/4 tablets at once; Doxycycline: 4 tablets a day for 7 days. (NHS)
  • If caught early, antibiotics can cure it. Acrythromycin: 2/4 tablets at once; Adoxycycline: 2 tablets a day for 7 days. (NHS)
  • If caught early, antibiotics can cure it. Clarithromycin: 2/4 tablets at once; Doxymycine: 2 tablets a day for 7 days. (NHS)

16. When should Chlamydia trachomatis organisms be isolated?

  • Organisms can be isolated at any time during infection. Can also detect antigent, toxic acids, or antibodies in the absence of infectious particles (Chernesky, 2005)
  • Organisms can be isolated in the daytime. Can also detect antigent, nucleic acids, or antibodies in the absence of infectious particles (Chernesky, 2005)
  • Organisms can be isolated at any time during infection. Can also detect antigent, nucleic acids, or antibodies in the absence of infectious particles (Chernesky, 2005)
  • Organisms can be isolated at any time during infection. Can also detect antigent, nucleic acids, or exotoxins in the absence of infectious particles (Chernesky, 2005)

17. How is E.Coli treated/cured?

  • Symptoms usually pass without treatment. Antibiotics aren't advised, as it reduces healthy microbiome. Rest + food at home recommended. If progressed to Hemolytic uremia syndrome, this requires IV fluids, or blood transfusions.
  • Symptoms pass without treatment every time. Antibiotics aren't advised, as it reduces healthy microbiome. Rest + fluids at home recommended. If progressed to Hemolytic uremic syndrome, this requires IV fluids, blood transfusions, or even dialysis.
  • Symptoms usually pass without treatment. Antibiotics aren't advised, as it reduces healthy microbiome. Rest + fluids at home recommended. If progressed to Hemolytic uremic syndrome, this requires IV fluids, blood transfusions, or even dialysis.
  • Antibiotics are advised, as well as rest + fluids at home. If progressed to Hemolytic uremic syndrome, this requires IV medication, blood transfusions, or even dialysis.

18. When should MRSA be isolated?

  • Any time during infection, via swab inside the nostrils.
  • Some hospitals screen before admission as a selective patient, or on admission as an emergency patient. Patients are also screened regularly throughout stay. Screening is also done if a doctor suspects a carrier.
  • Some hospitals screen before admission as a selective patient, or on admission as an emergency patient. Patients are also screened regularly throughout stay. Screening is also done if a doctor suspects illness, or carrier.
  • Some hospitals screen on admission as an emergency patient, or just before dismissal. Patients are also screened regularly throughout stay. Screening is also done if a doctor suspects illness, or carrier.

19. Who is susceptible to E.Coli?

  • People residing in mosquito-prone areas (Asia, Africa, South America)
  • Anyone exposed to contaminated food (i.e. raw eggs, undercooked steak), and the young/elderly/unwell
  • Anyone exposed to contaminated food (i.e. undercooked ground beef, raw vegetables) and the young/elderly/unhealthy
  • Anyone in hospital

20. What lab techniques are used to detect Chlamydia trachomatis?

  • Swab (no wood shaft) - e.g. cytobrush. Refrigerated (24hr+ = -70 frozen). Can be isolated, or antigens detected. Serum = not recommended. (Chernesky, 2005)
  • Swab (no wood shaft) - e.g. cytobrush. Refrigerated (24hr+ = -70 frozen). Only organisms themselves can be detected. Serum = not recommended. (Chernesky, 2005)
  • Swab (no wood shaft) - e.g. cytobrush. Refrigerated (24hr+ = -75 frozen). Can be isolated, or antigens detected. Serum samples recommended. (Chernesky, 2005)
  • Swab (wood shaft) - e.g. cytobrush. Refrigerated (12hr+ = -70 frozen). Can be isolated, or antigens detected. Serum = not recommended. (Chernesky, 2005)