It is isolated between 22:00-02:00, and sent to a qualified reference lab.
Doesn't usually require a doctor. If in hospital, samples are taken if the patient has persistent diarrhoea; is traveller; children/elderly; immunocompromised; and during an outbreak. It is isolated from stool and sent to a qualified reference lab.
Doesn't usually require a doctor. If in hospital, samples are taken if the patient has persistent diarrhoea; isn't travelling; children; immunocompromised; and during an outbreak. It is isolated from stool and sent to a reference lab.
Doctors isolate it from the tool in the ptient is a traveller; immunocompromised; and during outbreaks. The stool sample is sent to a lab.
7. When should Wuchereria bancrofti be isolated?
When the nematodes become visible on the surface
At the peak of microfilarial activity (22:00-02:00 for W. bancrofti)
At the peak of microfilarial activity - during the night.
At the peak of microfilarial activity (23:00-01:00 for W. bancrofti)
8. How is Wuchereria bancrofti treated/cured?
Can be treated using either Ivermectin (150-300mg) or Albendazole (300mg)
Can be treated using either Ivermectin (150-200mg) or Albendazole (400mg)
Can be treated using either Ivermectin (150-200mg) or Albendazone (400mg)
Can be treated using either Overmectin (150-200mg) or Albendazole (400mg)
9. Where in the world/in the body does Wuchereria bancrofti cause illness?
It causes infections by entering the bloodstream and multiplying in the lymph system - causing leg and/or scrotum swelling. It is most commonly found to occur in Europe, America, and Eastern Asia.
It causes infections by entering the bloodstream and multiplying in the lymph system - causing leg and/or scrotum swelling. It is most commonly found to occur in Asia, Africa, and the Americas - due to heightened mosquito populations.
It causes infections by entering the bloodstream and multiplying in the lymph system - causing leg swelling. It is most commonly found to occur in Asia, Africa, and the Americas - due to heightened mosquito populations.
It causes infections by entering the lymph system and multiplying - causing leg and/or scrotum swelling. It is most commonly found to occur in Asia, Africa, and the Americas - due to heightened mosquito populations.
10. Where in the world/in the body does E.Coli effect?
Colonises in cuts and mucous membranes (Nataro and Kraper, 1996), usually in the large intestine
Colonises at mucosal site (Nataro and Kaper, 1998), usually in the large intestine. Can come about anywhere in the world (e.g. outbreaks have occurred in Europe, USA, etc)
Colonises at the mucosal site (Naporu and Kraper, 1998),usually in the small intestine. Usually comes about in Europe.
Colonises inside mucous sites, and the intestines. (Napa and Creal, 1998) and comes about anyhere in the world (i.e. Europe)
11. Why does Wuchereria bancrofti cause illness?
Lymphatic filariasis (bancroftian): downstream obstruction of lymph vessels by adult worms = blockage. Also causes Interstitial fibrosis: diffusible substances from live or dead worms (Dreyer et.al., 2000)
Lymphatic microfilariasis (bancroftian): downstream obstruction of lymph vessels by adult worms = blockage. Also causes Interstitial fibrosis: diffusible substances from live or dead worms (Dreyer et.al., 2000)
Lymphatic filariasis (bancroftian): The obstruction of lymph vessels by adult worms. Also causes Interstitial filariasis: diffusible substances from live or dead worms (Dreyer et.al., 2000)
Lymphatic filariasis (bancroftian): downstream obstruction of lymph vessels by young worms = blockage. Also causes Interstitial fibrosis: diffusible substances from live or dead worms (Dreyer et.al., 2000)
12. Which organisms cause MRSA?
Staphylococcus aureus - strains that have become resistant to methicillin antibiotics.
Streptococcus aureus - strains that have become resistant to methicillin antibiotics.
Staphylococcus aureus - strains that have become resistant to penicillin antibiotics.
Staphylococcus aureus - strains that have become resistant to all antibiotics.
13. Which organisms cause Wuchereria bancrofti infections?
The Wuchereria bancrofti nematode (worm), of which the young worms cause lymphatic filariasis.
The Brugia malayi nematode (worm), of which the adults cause lymphatic filariasis.
The Wuchereria bancrofti nematode (worm), of which the adults cause lymphatic filariasis.
The Wuchereria bancrofti worm, of which the adults cause lymphatic filariasis.
14. What lab techniques are used to detect and diagnose MRSA?
Baird-Parker medium with chromosporin (BPC), which gives results within 24 hours. (Brown et al, 2005); there are also rapid, sensitive PCR methods as well as chromogenic agars.
Baird-Parker medium with ciprofloxacin (BPC), which gives results within 48 hours. (Brown et al, 2005); there are also rapid, sensitive PCR methods as well as chromogenic agars.
Baird-Parker medium with ciprofloxacin (BPC), which gives results within 24 hours. (Brown et al, 2005); there are also rapid, sensitive PCR methods as well as chromogenic agars.
Baird-Parker medium with ciprofloxide (BPC), which gives results within 24 hours. (Brown et al, 2005); there are also rapid, sensitive PCR methods as well as chromogenic agars.
15. When should Chlamydia trachomatis organisms be isolated?
Organisms can be isolated at any time during infection. Can also detect antigent, toxic acids, or antibodies in the absence of infectious particles (Chernesky, 2005)
Organisms can be isolated in the daytime. Can also detect antigent, nucleic acids, or antibodies in the absence of infectious particles (Chernesky, 2005)
Organisms can be isolated at any time during infection. Can also detect antigent, nucleic acids, or antibodies in the absence of infectious particles (Chernesky, 2005)
Organisms can be isolated at any time during infection. Can also detect antigent, nucleic acids, or exotoxins in the absence of infectious particles (Chernesky, 2005)
16. What lab techniques are used to detect Chlamydia trachomatis?
Swab (no wood shaft) - e.g. cytobrush. Refrigerated (24hr+ = -70 frozen). Only organisms themselves can be detected. Serum = not recommended. (Chernesky, 2005)
Swab (no wood shaft) - e.g. cytobrush. Refrigerated (24hr+ = -70 frozen). Can be isolated, or antigens detected. Serum = not recommended. (Chernesky, 2005)
Swab (wood shaft) - e.g. cytobrush. Refrigerated (12hr+ = -70 frozen). Can be isolated, or antigens detected. Serum = not recommended. (Chernesky, 2005)
Swab (no wood shaft) - e.g. cytobrush. Refrigerated (24hr+ = -75 frozen). Can be isolated, or antigens detected. Serum samples recommended. (Chernesky, 2005)
17. How is E.Coli treated/cured?
Symptoms pass without treatment every time. Antibiotics aren't advised, as it reduces healthy microbiome. Rest + fluids at home recommended. If progressed to Hemolytic uremic syndrome, this requires IV fluids, blood transfusions, or even dialysis.
Symptoms usually pass without treatment. Antibiotics aren't advised, as it reduces healthy microbiome. Rest + fluids at home recommended. If progressed to Hemolytic uremic syndrome, this requires IV fluids, blood transfusions, or even dialysis.
Symptoms usually pass without treatment. Antibiotics aren't advised, as it reduces healthy microbiome. Rest + food at home recommended. If progressed to Hemolytic uremia syndrome, this requires IV fluids, or blood transfusions.
Antibiotics are advised, as well as rest + fluids at home. If progressed to Hemolytic uremic syndrome, this requires IV medication, blood transfusions, or even dialysis.
18. Which organisms cause E.Coli infections?
According to CDC, 6 types are: Shiga producing (STEC); Enterotoxigenic (ETEC); Enteropathogenic (EPEC); Enteroaggregative (EAEC); Enteroinvasive (EIEC); and Diffusing Adherent (DAEC)
According to CDC, 6 types are: Toxin producing (TTEC); Enterotoxigenic (ETEC); Enteropathogenic (EPEC); Enteroaggressive (EAEC); Enteroinvasive (EIEC); and Diffusely Adherent (DAEC)
According to CDC, 6 types are: Shiga producing (STEC); Enterotoxigenic (ETEC); Enteropathogenic (EPEC); Enteroaggregative (EAEC); Enteroinvasive (EIEC); and Diffusely Adherent (DAEC)
According to CDC, 6 types are: Shiga producing (STEC); Enterotoxic (ETEC); Enteropathogenic (EPEC); Enteroaggregative (EAEC); Enteroinvading (EIEC); and Diffusely Adherent (DAEC)
19. Why does MRSA cause illness?
Commensal opportunistic pathogen: enters via break in the skin/mucosal membrane. MSCRAMMS enable attachment (endocarditis); Biofilms enable persistence (relapsing infections, Cystic Fib.); Leukcyte cells enable defence evasion (Gordon and Lowy, 2008)
Commensal opportunistic pathogen: enters via break in the skin/mucosal membrane. MSCRAMMS enable attachment (endocarditis); Biofilms enable persistence (relapsing infections, Cystic Fib.); Leukocidins enable defence evasion (Gordon and Lowy, 2008)
Commensal opportunistic pathogen: enters via break in the skin/mucosal membrane. MSCRANNS enable attachment (endocarditis); Biofilms enable persistence (relapsing infections, Cystic Fib.); Leukocidins enable defence evasion (Gordon and Lowy, 2008)
Symbiotic opportunistic pathogen: enters via break in the skin/mucosal membrane. MSCRAMMS enable attachment (endocarditis); Biofilms enable persistence (relapsing infections, Cystic Fib.); Leukocidins enable defence evasion (Gordon and Lowy, 2008)
20. Why does E.Coli cause illness? (Nguyen and Sperandio, 2012)
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.Coli colonises large intestine, releases Shiga Toxin, which has 2 subunints. B: pentamer, binds to GB3. A: mediates RNA N-glycosidase activity. Shiga enters blood, expresses GB3, travels to intestine.
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.Coli colonises large intestine, releases Shiga Toxin, which has 2 subunints. B: pentamer, binds to GB3. A: mediates RNA N-glycosidase activity. Shiga binds to endothilia, expresses GB3, enters blood.
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.Coli colonises large intestine, releases Shiga Toxin, which has 2 subunints. A: pentamer, binds to GB3. B: mediates RNA N-glycosidase activity. Shiga binds to endothilia, expresses GB3, enters blood.
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.Coli colonises large intestine, releases Shiga Toxin, which has 2 subunints. B: pentamer, binds to GB3. A: mediates RNA N-glycosidase activity. Shiga binds to mucous, expresses GB3, enters blood.
