M6

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  • Created by: astonjmky
  • Created on: 14-03-22 20:21
What is hardness?
Resistance to penetration or cutting action
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What is strength?
Ability to withstand forces in any direction without breaking
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What is elasticity?
Ability to return to original shape & size after deformation
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What is plasticity?
Property of a metal to be reshaped. (Retains new shape after force removed)
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What is durability?
Enables it to withstand force over a period of time
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What is ductility?
Ability of a material to be drawn into thinner sections (wiring)
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What is conductivity?
Possibility to transmit heat or electricity. (Gold, Copper, Aluminium)
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For lightweight metals used in aircraft construction, what is their density generally below?
5kg/dm3
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What is aluminium and it's alloys density approximately
2.7kg/dm3
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What is magnesium and its alloys density approximately?
1.74kg/dm3
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What is titanium and its alloys density approximately?
4.5kg/dm3
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How many atoms does a BCC have?
9
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How many atoms does an FCC have?
14
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How many atoms does a HCP have?
17
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Iron transitions between 2 different types of crystal structures at a certain temperature. What is this temperature
910C
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What is iron before and what does it transition to at 910C?
Iron is a BCC below 910C and an FCC above 910C
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What does carbon allow us to do to steel?
Heat treat it
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What effect does sulphur have as an alloying ingredient of steel?
Decreases ductility
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What does manganese do as an alloying ingredient of steel?
Increases strength and hardness, but less so than carbon.
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What does silicon do as an alloying ingredient of steel?
it is the principle de-oxidiser, which reduces the effects of corrosion.
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Steel designation uses a 4 digit number. What do the first 2 and last 2 digits denote?
The first 2 digits denote indicate primary alloying ingredients, the last 2 denote carbon percentage
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In regards to the amount of carbon percentage in steel, which 2 of the 3 types are heat treatable?
Medium and high carbon steels are heat treatable
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Low carbon steel contains what amount of carbon
0.1-0.3% carbon
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Medium carbon steel contains what amount of carbon?
0.3%-0.5%
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High carbon steel contains what amount of carbon?
0.5%-1.05%
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What can be done to low carbon steels?
carbon can be induced into them
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What does case hardening do?
Induces carbon into the steel
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What are the 3 types of carbeurising?
Pack carbeurising (solid) (carbon rich solid, carbon powder) Liquid carbeurising (Sodium cyanide, barium cyanide) Gas carbeurising (Carbon dioxide)
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What is CRES?
Corrosion resistant steel/ Stainless steel
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What are the 3 types of CRES?
Austenitic, Ferritic, Martensitic.
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What CRES is used in landing gear?
300M
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200 and 300 series are what type of steel?
Austenitic.
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Hydrogen embrittlement can be removed how?
By baking the material at 375F for at least 3 hours.
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Hydrogen embrittlement can be avoided how?
by avoiding inducing hydrogen into the metal such as with welding torches or water
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How can we protect the surface of steel?
There are many ways, with many types of sacrificial plating available, but also with aluminium spraying or painting the surface.
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How do you machine titanium?
Low cutting speed, high feed. Plenty of fluid. Dry powder extinguisher nearby. Never stop the cutting blade until completely removed from the material.
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What is the weight of titanium compared to steel?
56% the weight of steel.
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What is it's strength compared to steel?
equal
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What temperature will titanium ignite with nitrogen?
815C
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What temperature will titanium ignite with oxygen?
1065C
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Is titanium cheap or expensive?
expensive
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Aluminium uses a 4 digit designation system. what is the 1st digit designate?
Alloying element
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What does the 2nd digit designate in aluminium identification?
Alloy modification
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What temperature will arrest the natural age hardening of solution heat treated aluminium
-18C
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What alloy element does an alu alloy 2XXX have?
Copper
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What alloy element does an alu alloy 5XXX have?
magnesium
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what alloy element does an alu alloy 7XXX have?
Zinc
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What does the heat treated temper designation T2 indicate?
Annealed
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What does the heat treated temper designation T4 indicate?
Solution heat treated & naturally age hardened.
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What does the temper designation 'F' Indicate?
As fabricated
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What does the temper designation 'O' indicate?
Annealed
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What does the temper designation 'W' indicate?
Solution Heat treated
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Which metal & it's alloys were once used heavily in the aircraft industry, but was found to corrode easily and was difficult to work with, as well as being highly flammable.
Magnesium
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What does ASTM stand for?
American Society for Testing Materials
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What does SAE stand for?
Society of automotive engineers
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What does AISI stand for?
American Iron & Steel institute.
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Magnesium can undergo the same heat treatments as what metal?
Aluminium
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GLARE stands for?
Glass reinforced Laminate
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What family of materials does GLARE belong to?
FMLs: Fibre metal laminates
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Where is GLARE used?
Blast resistant containers, Cargo flooring, Leading edges.
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What are some of the qualities of GLARE?
Blast resistant, high strength, fire resistant.
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In regards to the GLARE coding system, breakdown the following GLARE code:
GLARE 4B-4/3-0.4
4B - Category (4) and subcategory (B)
4/3 - 4 layers of aluminium, 3 layers of glass
0.4 - Thickness of each aluminium layer
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What are some advantages of composites?
High strength to weight ratio
Eliminates fasteners
Corrosion resistance
Durable
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What are some disadvantages of composites?
Generally expensive
Specialist training & Facilities required for repair
Time consuming nature of repair methods
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What does the reinforcing material provide when combined with the matrix?
Load carrying ability
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What are some characters of fibre glass?
Low cost
Different weaves to create strength in necessary directions
Weighs more than other fibres
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What are the 2 common types of fibre glass?
S glass and E glass
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What is the quality of E glass?
Electrically resistant
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What is the quality of S glass?
Very high tensile strength
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What are the characteristics of kevlar?
High tensile strength
Very flexible
Absorbs moisture
Poor compression
Very difficult to cut
UV sensitive
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What colour does Kevlar turn when exposed to sun?
Kevlar goes from a goldish-yellow to brown when exposed to UV such as sunlight
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Characteristics of Nomex?
Flameproof
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How is Aramid repaired?
With fibreglass
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Where is Graphite used?
Ribs & Floors
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What is graphite corrosive when in contact with?
Aluminium
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How can corrosion between aluminium and graphite be prevented?
By inserting a layer of fibreglass to separate the 2 materials.
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What direction are the Weft threads?
Left is Weft - Perpendicular to warp
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What direction is the Bias?
45 degrees to warp
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What is the selvedge?
A tightly knit edge to prevent unravelling - usually a highly contrasting colour to the rest of the thread
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What are unidirectional fibres?
Major fibres run in direction of warp
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What are bi direction fibres?
Fibres run in 2 or more directions
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What is a matrix?
A bonding material that surrounds the fibres
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Which of a thermoset or thermoplastic is permanent?
Thermoset
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Which of a thermoset of thermoplastic is far more common?
Thermoset
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Where would a thermoplastic not be used?
Areas of high temperature.
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What kind of plastic is epoxy resin?
A thermoset.
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What is the most common form of composite material used in the aircraft industry?
prepreg
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How can a composite be electrically bonded?
Flame spray, bonding jumpers, aluminium wiring.
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What is one of the reasons for painting composite materials?
Sealing the surface from moisture.
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What is polymerisation?
A chemical reaction where monomers become polymers.
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What is the MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheet
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What are the 2 types of thixotropic agents?
Micro balloons and aerosil
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What is resin mixed in?
In a wax free pot
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When would we add resin to accelerator?
Never - always add accelerator to resin
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Where are phenolic resins used?
In cabin furnishings
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Why are phenolic resins used in cabin furnishings?
Fire resistance & low toxicity
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What is important for good bonding?
Surface Wetting (page 107 M6)
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What are the steps there is composite damage?
A complete investigation of the damage

Consult SRM (Structural repair manual) which will indicate damage allowance and limits, as well as the repair type & procedure required
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What are the types of damage acceptance level?
Allowable, Repairable, not repairable.
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what are the 2 main classes of damage?
Skin perforated, skin not perforated.
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What would be examples of skin not perforated?
Erosion, gouges, dents, delamination.
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What would be examples of skin perforated?
Impact, holes, lightning strike.
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What are some NDI (Non destructive inspection) techniques?
Tap test, visual inspection, resonator, thermography, holography, Acoustic emission, ultrasonics, radiography
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What are the 3 types of repair?
Temporary repair, Permanent cosmetic repair, Permanent structural repair.
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How would you prepare a composite repair?
IAW SRM, remove surface finish (mechanical methods only) prepare surface (clean, lint free cloth) note weave direction (fibre direction)
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In relation to galvanic corrosion, the metal being attacked is?
Anodic
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The reducing agent is?
cathodic
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What is a passive film on materials that are protected from corrosion by it?
Tight, non porous, invisible oxide layer which prevents further corrosion. Happens on titanium, CRES, & pure aluminium.
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Common corrosion occurs on?
materials with a loose & porous film
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What are the characteristics of AlClad?
Good corrosion resistant properties
Marked easily as very soft
If broken, rest of material will deteriorate rapidly.
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Filiform corrosion is?
A worm like corrosion that occurs under paint surface and happens in high humidity, and if not corrected leads to intergranular corrosion
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Where is stress corrosion initially induced?
During manufacture.
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How can stress corrosion be prevented?
Cold working & Shot peening.
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Which gives up electrons easier - Anode or cathode
Anode
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What is pitting corrosion?
A form of corrosion common in magnesium and aluminium alloys. Forms a white powdery substance, and starts on surface and extends vertically through the material. Can lead to intergranular corrosion.
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What is intergranular corrosion?
An attack along the grain boundaries. Very dangerous as little to no surface indication. Results in delaminating of the material
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What is exfoliation corrosion?
Advanced intergranular corrosion - Surface is lifted due to layer separation.
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What is Fretting?
Rubbing of two surfaces not designed to rub against each other. Indicated by a black paste around fastener heads.
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What is microbial corrosion?
A corrosion caused by bacteria, fungi, and moulds. Common in fuel tanks. Prevented with additives in fuel.
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What is crevice corrosion?
Corrosion that occurs at the edge of a joint. Prevented by sealing the joint.
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What is strength?

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Ability to withstand forces in any direction without breaking

Card 3

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What is elasticity?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is plasticity?

Back

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Card 5

Front

What is durability?

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