Many of the Catholic practices. His protests demolished parts of the catholic churches. Sale of indulgences by John Tetzel enraged Luther.
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Who influenced Luther?
The teachings of St. Augustine, the patron of his order- he influenced Luther and seemed to him an evidence of 'unjust' God. Also influenced bu humanist ideas of Erasmus.
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What did Luther believe?
'sola fide' (faith alone) was essential element for salvation.
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What was Luther Known as?
"Father of the reformation". "Without Luther, there would have been no reformation, or not the same reformation" - Historian Patrick Collinson
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The support of the German Princes.
Holy Roman Empire was highly favourable for the teachings of Luther to be spread. political situation meant emperor had little control over princes. Princes were genuinely convinced by Luther's religious arguments.
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What were the German Princes able to provide?
Discipline, safety, organised and military protection for the new church. Printing press has helped the growth of Lutheranism and the spread of Ideas.
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When was the 95 Theses?
31st October 1517
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What was the 95 Theses?
Luther had preached against the sale of indulgences. Theses were points for academic argument. Nailed them on the church door in Wittenberg. These became a subject of heated debate.
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What else did Luther do with the 95 These?
He had given copies to his own bishop and the archbishop of Mainz, accompanied by a letter making the point that people seemed to think of the sale of indulgences was a good thing - it was not according to him. quickly translated and spread over.
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What did writer James Atkinson say about the 95 Theses?
"Rather disorganised and not well thought out, but the tone of them - concise and combative - caught the public imagination"
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What was Luther hoping that will happen after he published the 95 Theses?
Hoping to correct the sale of indulgences, not attack the authority of the pope or the purgatory in general. Affected; Dominican order to which Tetzel belonged to & Pope Leo X who authorised the sale.
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The Meeting at Augsburg
October, 1518. Aim was to reconcil Luther to the church or in event of failure ensure his arrest. Fredric of Saxony acted as Luther's protector and ensures safe conduct for him to attend the diet.
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What did Luther claim at the Meeting at Augsburg?
That the church doctrines needed to be tested by reference to the scriptures, whereas cajetan wanted him to accept papal authority with no questions. Public supported Luther as the "honest german" against the "italian" pope. Cajetan couldn't arrest L
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What did the Meeting at Augsburg lead to?
The Bull of Excommunication, "Exsurge Domine" in June 1520
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What was the Exsurge Domine?
Condemned Luther's views as heretical, forbidden to read his works.
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What was Luther's response to Exsurge Domine?
Luther attended a Bonfire in Wittenberg where he burned the copy of the papal bull. seen as burning Pope Leo himself. In 1521 his excommunication was finalised.
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What happened in 1519?
Charles V had become the new elected Holy Roman Emperor and had given Luther a chance to explain his views of the church and opinions.
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When was the Peace of Augsburg?
1555. "religious peace post civil war". The Peace of Augsburg gave the reality that Lutheranism can not be crushed by force. Marked the failure of Charles V to preserve the unity of the empire. The peace did not give any other beliefs freedom.
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What was included in the Peace of Augsburg?
Catholics and Protestants were to be equally represented. Very secular princes should decide on religion of the people on its territories.
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The success of Lutheranism:
The support of German princes, common dislike of the italian pope. The absence of the Emperor. Impact of printing and the spoken word. Catholic princes had shown that they would not side totally with the emperor's wishes.
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The Knights' war
1522-23.The imperial knights were under the authority of Emperor but their status was under threat. they wanted political change. 1522 they attacked a city owned by catholic church. They claimed the attack under lutheran reformation. Attack failed.
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What happened after the failure of attack of the imperial knights?
German princes attacked the knights. Imperial knights no longer a political force. Luther claimed no responsibility over violence.
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What was the Peasant's war?
1524-5. A series of serious outbreaks of violence. Largest revolt ever of the German masses before 20thC. Churches and castles looted. Protests against tithes and life controlled by landlords.
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The turning point of the Peasant's War
Luther claimed that he was on the side of the princes, hence lost the peasants' support. Also claimed that Lutheranism was a religious reform, not a dangerous movement like such.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Who influenced Luther?
Back
The teachings of St. Augustine, the patron of his order- he influenced Luther and seemed to him an evidence of 'unjust' God. Also influenced bu humanist ideas of Erasmus.
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