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6. what is the difference between phobia and fear conditioning
- fear conditioning is an adaptive protective mechanism, a phobia is selective
- fear is something we are selective about, it comes and it goes , phobia stays with us
7. who came up with the evolved fear module
- Ohman & Minenka
- Arnold & Lipp
- Purkis & Lipp
8. What else did Cook & Mineka 1990 find
- they found an example of instrumental learnong
- some cs-us associations seem predisposed, some things are easier to be learned about
- some cs-ur associations are a lot easier to learn about than others
9. how many people say that their phobia starts because of one of Osts categories?
- 80-90%
- 90-100%
- 60-80%
- 70-90%
10. Findings of Blanchette 2009?
- fear relevance must be learned, as evolutionary significance had no effect
- fear from evolutionary things were learnt a lot faster
- more was learned about non evolutionary fear stimuli e.g. guns
- people do have innate fear of guns and knives
11. what is likely to arise from false alarm
- social phobia
- agoraphobia
- specific phobia
12. what is sensory preconditioning?
- sensory and sensory conditioning, e.g. beach and wave, then big wave associated with pain - beach can evoke that chain now
- when beach and wave is paired with fear, and then individual encounters this fear
13. what did Purkis & Lipp 2009 look at?
- pictures of dogs birds fish snakes and spiders - whether these stimuli catch attention
- looked at masked pictures to see if we can detect them
14. What did Ohman et al 1976 find?
- conditioned fear to fear relevant stimuli is resistant to extinction
- conditioned fear to relevant fear stimuli is required for extinction
- spiders and snakes are relevant to be extinguished
15. how does second order conditioning account for vicarious learning
- observing someone else being frightened after experiencing the CS might lead to fear
- being scared of the US without experiencing it
16. what is the principle of equipotentiality
- any CS can enter into association with any outcome - any CS can become a phobic stimulus
- gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in behaviour dissapearing
17. what is acquisition?
- one stimuli paired with aversive and other stimuli wasnt
- had time to get used to stimuli
18. What did Seligman 1970 1971 say about preparedness
- evolution has worked to preopare certain associations that facilitate survival
- we can associate prepared fears with anything
- we can associate anything together
19. are phobias resistant to extinction
- repetition does extinguish fear
- repeated exposure usually reinforces phobia rather than lead to extinction
- exposure does extinguish fear
20. What did McNally & Steketee 1985 find?
- phobics are scared of the same thing
- most individuals are scared of the panic and the response of their phobia
- R-O udnerlying the phobia