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6. what is the difference between phobia and fear conditioning

  • fear conditioning is an adaptive protective mechanism, a phobia is selective
  • fear is something we are selective about, it comes and it goes , phobia stays with us

7. who came up with the evolved fear module

  • Ohman & Minenka
  • Arnold & Lipp
  • Purkis & Lipp

8. What else did Cook & Mineka 1990 find

  • they found an example of instrumental learnong
  • some cs-us associations seem predisposed, some things are easier to be learned about
  • some cs-ur associations are a lot easier to learn about than others

9. how many people say that their phobia starts because of one of Osts categories?

  • 80-90%
  • 90-100%
  • 60-80%
  • 70-90%

10. Findings of Blanchette 2009?

  • fear relevance must be learned, as evolutionary significance had no effect
  • fear from evolutionary things were learnt a lot faster
  • more was learned about non evolutionary fear stimuli e.g. guns
  • people do have innate fear of guns and knives

11. what is likely to arise from false alarm

  • social phobia
  • agoraphobia
  • specific phobia

12. what is sensory preconditioning?

  • sensory and sensory conditioning, e.g. beach and wave, then big wave associated with pain - beach can evoke that chain now
  • when beach and wave is paired with fear, and then individual encounters this fear

13. what did Purkis & Lipp 2009 look at?

  • pictures of dogs birds fish snakes and spiders - whether these stimuli catch attention
  • looked at masked pictures to see if we can detect them

14. What did Ohman et al 1976 find?

  • conditioned fear to fear relevant stimuli is resistant to extinction
  • conditioned fear to relevant fear stimuli is required for extinction
  • spiders and snakes are relevant to be extinguished

15. how does second order conditioning account for vicarious learning

  • observing someone else being frightened after experiencing the CS might lead to fear
  • being scared of the US without experiencing it

16. what is the principle of equipotentiality

  • any CS can enter into association with any outcome - any CS can become a phobic stimulus
  • gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in behaviour dissapearing

17. what is acquisition?

  • one stimuli paired with aversive and other stimuli wasnt
  • had time to get used to stimuli

18. What did Seligman 1970 1971 say about preparedness

  • evolution has worked to preopare certain associations that facilitate survival
  • we can associate prepared fears with anything
  • we can associate anything together

19. are phobias resistant to extinction

  • repetition does extinguish fear
  • repeated exposure usually reinforces phobia rather than lead to extinction
  • exposure does extinguish fear

20. What did McNally & Steketee 1985 find?

  • phobics are scared of the same thing
  • most individuals are scared of the panic and the response of their phobia
  • R-O udnerlying the phobia