Language Change

?
Debates
.
1 of 65
Descriptivism
Attitude to Language Change use that seeks to describe it without making value judgements
2 of 65
Prescriptivism
Attitude to language use that makes judgements about what is right and wrong - holds language up to an ideal standard that should be maintained
3 of 65
Lexis/Semantics
.
4 of 65
Idiom
Common phrase e.g. pull your socks up/bull in a china shop
5 of 65
Neologism
Completely new word - link to language and technology
6 of 65
Archaism
Old phrase/word no longer in use e.g. thou, thee
7 of 65
Metaphor
Word acquires new meanings becaused used metaphorically e.g. bug - to annoy/faulty/insect
8 of 65
Lexicon
Vocabulary of language
9 of 65
Borrowing/Loan Word
From one language to another e.g. chocolate/cafe/uber
10 of 65
Coinage
Completely new word
11 of 65
Acronym
e.g. LOL, RADAR
12 of 65
Proprietary Name
e.g. Hoover, Tampax, Walkman
13 of 65
Blend
e.g. Smog (smoke+fog)
14 of 65
Initialism
CD
15 of 65
Eponym
Name of person after which something is named after e.g. Braille, sandwich
16 of 65
Clipping
edit - from editor
17 of 65
Back formation
Removal of imagined afix from existing word e.g. editor - edit
18 of 65
Prefixes
Mega/Uber
19 of 65
Drift
Linguistic change over period of time
20 of 65
Compound
size zero, man flu
21 of 65
Hyphenated Compound
super-size, half-baked, two-tone
22 of 65
Closed Compound
Dishcloth, keyboard, pancake
23 of 65
Pejoration
Word takes on different more negative meaning
24 of 65
Narrowing
Meat - any food - flesh of animal
25 of 65
Amelioration
Word takes on different more positive meaning
26 of 65
Broadening
Word keeps original meaning but acquires others
27 of 65
Weakening
Looses strength of original meaning e.g. immediately - in a short while
28 of 65
Obsolete
No longer having a use
29 of 65
Euphemism
Inoffensive word or phrase to suggest something less pleasant
30 of 65
Standardisation
.
31 of 65
Significance of 1755
Year first dictionary published by Samuel Johnson - standardisation started to take place
32 of 65
What is ʃ
Long s, as phoneme same as short 's', appeared at start or in middle of word - by 1800 replaced by 's'
33 of 65
Speech Style
.
34 of 65
Assimilation
Sounds become more alike e.g. don't you -> dohnchu
35 of 65
Omission
Leaving out phoneme in group of phonemes clustered together e.g. hanging -> hangin/hanin
36 of 65
Eye Dialect
Way of spelling - reflects regional or social way of talking
37 of 65
Received Pronunciation (RP)
Prestige form of English pronunciation - considered 'accent' of standard English
38 of 65
Informalisation
Way language is becoming increasingly informal in all areas of society
39 of 65
Divergence
Speech patterns become more individual & less like those of the other person in the conversation
40 of 65
Estuary English
.
41 of 65
H Dropping
here -> ere, hate -> ate
42 of 65
TH Fronting
'th' -> 'v' or 'f' e.g. feather -> feaver, together -> togever
43 of 65
Broad A
Fast -> farst, Path -> Parth
44 of 65
Leaving Gs
Swimming -> swimmin
45 of 65
L Vocalisation
'w' replaces 'l' e.g. foo/baw
46 of 65
Glottal Stops
foo'ball, Ga'wick
47 of 65
YOD Coalesence
'Y' sound - as in yod changed because of proceeding consonant. 'Fortune' used to be pronounced 'fortyoon' and is now 'forchoon'
48 of 65
Grammar - affected by speech practices
.
49 of 65
Pronouns
'whom' disappearing object pronoun replaced with 'who'
50 of 65
Syntax
'certain it is' - complement before main subject + verb
51 of 65
Irregular prepositions
Always altering e.g. 'I've wrote it down for you'
52 of 65
Adverbs
Being replaced by adjectives e.g. 'you've done great'
53 of 65
Negation
Constructing negatives in 18th century unlike modern use of dummy auxilliary do' e.g. 'i know not', 'no very common occurance'
54 of 65
Capitalisation
Capitalisation rules came into late modern English - capitalised any important noun
55 of 65
Theorists
.
56 of 65
Norman Fairclough
Synthetic personalisation - we direct address to create a sense of personal and individual relationship with an intended audience
57 of 65
Jean Aitchinson (1966) Metaphors for language change
Metaphors for language change
58 of 65
Damp Spoon Syndrome
Language changes because people are lazy view presupposes one type of language = inferior to another
59 of 65
Crumbling Castle View
Language is like a beautiful castle - must be preserved
60 of 65
Infectious Disease Assumption
Bad/poor language caught like a disease - we should fight it - people pick up language change because they want to - perhaps to fit in certain groups
61 of 65
Dennis Freeborn
Summarises peoples attitudes and feelings about regional accents into 3 views
62 of 65
1) Incorrectness View
-All accents incorrect compared to standard English & accent of RP -Accents popularity originates in fashion & convention -RP became standard: more social prestige
63 of 65
2) Ugliness View
-Some accents don't sound nice -Linked to stereotypes + negative connotations: least-liked accents in poorer, urban areas
64 of 65
3) Impreciseness View
Some accents 'lazy' & 'sloppy' e.g. Estuary English
65 of 65

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Attitude to Language Change use that seeks to describe it without making value judgements

Back

Descriptivism

Card 3

Front

Attitude to language use that makes judgements about what is right and wrong - holds language up to an ideal standard that should be maintained

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Common phrase e.g. pull your socks up/bull in a china shop

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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