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6. Parole

  • Speaking, Language in use (Can be spoken or written but is non- standardised)
  • Language. Overarching system of rules, standardised language

7. Jakobson: Referential/ Informative

  • Language is used to explain itself (Questions or explanations of terminology)
  • The external situation, the facts of a topic, included reported ideas eg textbook
  • The mind of the writer/speaker to express their feelings eg autobiography
  • Language used to establish or maintain contact between the addresser and the addressee, spoken code/ conversation, written code: naturally

8. Referent

  • The real word object
  • Meaning is purely relational (contextual)
  • Meaning in relation to all the other words (related terms) which might take its place in a sentence

9. Idiolect

  • The speech habits peculiar to a particular person
  • The speech habits peculiar to a specific peer group
  • The speech habits peculiar to a particular region
  • The speech habits peculiar to a social context

10. According to Shannon 1948, what is her language graph?

  • Info source, Transmitter, Noise Source, Receiver, Destination
  • Context, Addresser, Addressee, Contact between an addresser and addressee, Common code, Message

11. Message-Centred communication is

  • Metalinguistic
  • Directive
  • Poetic
  • Phatic

12. Jakobsons 6 Functions

  • Context, Message, Sender, Receiver, Channel, Code
  • Emotive/Expressive, Referential/Informative, Conative/Directive, Phatic/Interactional, Metalinguistic, Poetic
  • Context, Addresser, Addressee, Contact between Addresser and Addressee, Common Code, Message
  • Instrumental, Regulatory, Interactional, Personal, Representational, Heuristic

13. Jakobson: Conative/ Directive

  • The reader/hearer, the addressee, to convince readers, persuade them eg advertisements/ propaganda
  • Language used to establish or maintain contact between the addresser and the addressee, spoken code/ conversation, written code: naturally
  • The external situation, the facts of a topic, included reported ideas eg textbook
  • Language is used in a creative way (rhymes, similes, metaphors)

14. Phoneme

  • The study and classification of speech sounds (pronounciation)
  • Measurement of unique words in a text
  • Smallest unit of meaningful sound
  • Study of rules governing the use of sounds, and how those sounds are organised in a language

15. Discourse Analysis

  • The study of forms, shapes and structure
  • The set if all words and phrases in a language
  • Like pragmatics but performed over a large body of text, a conversation
  • The study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation

16. Context-Centred Communication is

  • Referential
  • Phatic
  • Poetic
  • Metalinguistic

17. Halliday 1975: Personal

  • Language used to learn and explore the environment
  • Language used to express the personal preferences and the identity of the speaker
  • Language used to explore the imagination
  • Language used to exchange information

18. Diachronic

  • The study of language across time
  • The study of language at a particular moment in time
  • The study of what words mean
  • Words to develop social relations

19. Jakobson broad functions of language

  • Active and Passive
  • Affective and Referential
  • Informal and Formal
  • Setting and Activity

20. Synchronic

  • How words are formed
  • The study of language across time
  • The study of language at a particular moment in time
  • The study of what words mean