Which model infers that Women's language is inferior to Men's?
The Deficit Model
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Who theorised the Deficit Model?
Robin Lakoff
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What were the flaws of the Deficit Model?
Didn't conduct proper research, predicated from observation
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Who criticised the Deficit Model?
Janet Holmes
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What did Holmes suggest?
Tag questions don't necessarily imply weakness, as Facilitative tag questions show solidarity
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Which theorist supported the Deficit Model?
Pamela Fisherman
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What did Fisherman suggest?
Women ask more questions and use more backchannel support, "conversational shitwork"
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Which model states that Men dominate in conversation?
The Dominance Model
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Who theorised the Dominance Model?
Zimmerman and West
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What were the flaws of the Dominance Model?
Sample size too small
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Who criticised the Dominance Model?
Geoff Beattie
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What did Beattie argue?
Why do interruptions necessarily reflect dominance? Do some interruptions not reflect interest and involvement?
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What did Beattie conclude on after conducting his own study?
Men interrupted more, but by a margin so slight, it wasn't statistically significant
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How many conversations did Beattie record?
557
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Who supported the Dominance Model?
Dale Spender
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What did Spender suggest?
Men dominate Women in language, reflecting a patriarchal society
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Who theorised the Difference Model?
Deborah Tannen
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What are the flaws to the Difference Model?
"Discussing these so-called differences supports the view that such differences exist"
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What is one of the most influential ideas that Tannen proposed?
The male as the "norm"
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Who criticised the Difference Model?
Deborah Cameron
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What did Cameron suggest?
Leads to stereotypes, such as: "Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus"
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Which Model states that there is a difference in the way Men and Women speak but it’s entirely down to the difference in socialisation, rather than an innate biological characteristic?
The Diversity Model
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Who theorised the Diversity Model?
Deborah Cameron
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What does "verbal hygiene" mean?
The way Men and Women think they are meant to speak and use language
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What book did Cameron discuss her ideas in?
The Myth of Mars and Venus - 2007
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What book did Lakoff discuss her ideas in?
Language and Woman's place - 1975
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What book did Tannen discuss her ideas in?
You Just Don't Understand - 1990
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Who invented the EAR device?
James Pennebaker
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How many words did the Men and Women speak in Pennebaker's study?
Women at 16,215 and Men at 15,669
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What did Pennebaker conclude on?
In terms of statistical significance "it's not even remotely close to diiferent"
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What did Louanne Brizendine suggest in her published paper "The Female Brain"?
Women speak nearly three times more than Men at an average of 20,000 words a day, compared to Men at a mere 7,000
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