For AII, what did he give to which nationality at the beginning of his reign?
-He gave an amnesty to the Poles from their 1830-31 uprising,
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When was the Polish Revolt and what was it caused by?
-1863, -It was caused by the hanging of those who assassinated Russian appointed Polish Prime Minister,
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What two countries were given concessions for not uprising?
Finland and Ukraine,
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What two things did AII allow in Ukraine?
He allowed the 1st Ukranian newspaper and Ukranian language allowed,
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What two things did he allow in Finland and the dates?
-Its own Parliament in 1863, -Its own constitution in 1865
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Did the nationalities have any representation in the zemstva?
No
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How does AII show continuity?
The Provisional Government also gave independence to some nationalities,
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How does AII show change?
He is different to most other rulers as he is more tolerant, -Different to AIII over treatment of Finland
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For AIII, give three examples of nationalities he repressed due to what policy?
-Poles, Lithuanians, -Finns, -Russification,
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What did AIII impose on all nationalities and an example in Ukraine?
-He reimposed the Russian language, -Books couldn't be published in Ukraine,
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What did AIII impose in Poland and when?
-1885, -He imposed the Russian language in Primary schools and made plans to build an Orthodox Church in the capital Warsaw,
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How does AIII show continuity?
He is similar to NII as both controlled nationalities,
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How does AIII show change?
He is different to Alexander II who was more liberalising with nationalities,
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For NII, what Law did he introduce and when and what did this make compulsory?
-Fundamental Laws, -1906, -The Russian State is indivisible and Russian language compulsory in the army, navy, state and public institutions,
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Did Nationalities have any representation in Russia?
Yes, in the Dumas,
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What country did NII russify?
He russified Finland
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However, in 1905 what was Finland allowed? How long did this last?
In 1905, Finland was give autonomy, -However, it was reneged on in the same year,
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How does NII show continuity?
Similar to NII in his russificiation policies,
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How does NII show change?
He is different to previous Tsars in that Finland was russified,
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For the Provisional Government, what two countries were given independence and when?
-Ukraine and Finland, -1917
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How does the Provisional Government show change?
As this is the only ruler who allows nationalities independence,
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For Lenin, what Decree did he introduce at the start of his reign which allowed what?
1917 Decree of Nationalities, -This allowed self-government in Russian states,
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However, were they given independence?
No- leaders of independence movements seen as traitors,
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What country remained independent during the Civil War?
Poland,
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When was Ukraine finally retaken?
1922
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What representation do Nationalities have and who is in charge?
-Soviet of Nationalities, -Stalin was the Head of Nationalities,
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How does Lenin show continuity?
Similar to Stalin as both in theory would allow independence, but both used anti-Communist arguments to refuse independence attempts,
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How does Lenin show change?
He is different to Alexander II who was more liberalising and NII to an extent,
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For Stalin, give an example nationality who suffered in the purges and when?
Polish communities- Katyn Massacre of Poles in 1940
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What did policy did Stalin introduce which allowed in theory to do what?
1936 Constitution, -Allowed all federal states in theory to leave the federation,
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However, were any nationalities allowed to leave?
No
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For an example of harsh treatment of nationalities after WW2, how many people from the Baltic States were put in prison and how many Russian settled there?
-200,000 were put in Russian prisons, -400,000 Russians settled there,
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In 1953, what percent of the Latvian Army was Latvian and what is this an example of?
-Only 60%, -Russificiation,
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How does Stalin show continuity?
Similar to Lenin and AIII's Russification,
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How does Stalin show change?
Different to AII and Nicholas to some extent,
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For Khrushchev, what two uprisings did he oppress and when?
-1953 GDR uprising repressed, -1956 Hungary uprising repressed by force,
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What policy did Khrushchev follow which allowed what power transfer?
-De-Centralisation, -Some power was transferred to the 15 Republics,
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How does Khrushchev show continuity?
Similar to Stalin- Both repressive with force,
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How does Khrushchev show change?
Different to AII and Nicholas to some extent.
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To conclude, what is the overall pattern of continuity and change for the rulers?
Overall, there is more continuity than change in the repression of national idenities,
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
When was the Polish Revolt and what was it caused by?
Back
-1863, -It was caused by the hanging of those who assassinated Russian appointed Polish Prime Minister,
Card 3
Front
What two countries were given concessions for not uprising?
Back
Card 4
Front
What two things did AII allow in Ukraine?
Back
Card 5
Front
What two things did he allow in Finland and the dates?
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