People who lead a moral 'crusade' to change the law.
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Why does Platt say 'juvenile delinquency' was created?
By upper-class Victorian moral entrepreneurs to protect young people at risk, it allowed wider state controls into 'status offences' (where it is only an offence because of age).
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Example of social control agencies changing the law to increase their own power?
US Federal Bureau of Narcotics - Marijuana Tax Act 1937 to outlaw marijuana use - Becker argues it was passed to increase the Bureau's influence.
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What factors does labelling depend on?
*Interactios with agencies of control
*Appearance, background
*Situation/circumstances
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What did Piliavin and Briar find about police arrests?
Arrests of youths were mainly based on physical cues as well as gender,class and ethnicity.
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What are typifications?
Stereotypes - of delinquents.
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What did Cicourel find about officers' typifications?
They showed class bias (WC fitted their delinquent stereotype).
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What did Cicourel find about justice?
HINT fixed or negotiable
Negotiable - MC less likely to be charged eg didn't fit the typifications or parents able to negotiate them out of it.
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How do interactionists see official statistics?
As socially constructed - labels are based on typifications/stereotypes so statistics aren't valid.
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What is the dark figure of crime?
The difference between official statistics and the 'real' rate of crime - we do not know how much crime we do not see and that isn't reported or recorded.
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What other methods can be used rather than official statistics?
Victim surveys
Self-report studies
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What is the difference betwen primary and secondary deviance (Lemert)?
Primary - deviant acts not publically labelled
Secondary - deviance that is labelled so the individual acts like it
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How does being labelled criminal effect the individual?
*Stigma, shame, humiliation,shunned/ecluded from society
*the label becomes his master status
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What can being labelled provoke?
A crisis for the individual's self concept/sense of identity.
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What can secondary deviance lead to?
More deviance/ deviant career=deviant subculture
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What example does Jock Young in his study using secondary deviance?
Hippy marijuana users in Notting Hill - drugs were peripheral to the hippies' lifestyle (primary deviance) but labelling by police made them feel like outsiders so they developed a deviant subculture centred by drug use=self fulfilling prophecy.
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How do Downes and Rock criticise secondary deviance?
They argue we cannot predict that someone who has been labelled will follow a deviant career because they have the choice not to.
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What is the deviance amplification spiral?
Used to describe a process in which the attempt to control it leads to an increase in the level of deviance.
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What is the example of the deviance amplification spiral?
Mods and Rockers - media created a moral panic = police arrests and prosecutions -> marginalisation
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What are folk devils in comparison to the dark figure of crime?
Dark figure=unlabelled, unreorded crime
Folk devils=over-labelled and over-exposed to the public
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What does Triplett note the increase in control and punishment of young offenders in the USA has led to?
CJS has relabelled status offences as more serious resulting in harsher sentences =increase rather than a derease in offending (secondary deviance).
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What are the two types of shaming (negative labelling) by Braithwaite?
*Disintegrative - the crime and the criminal are labelled as bad and the offender is excluded from society.
*Reintegrative - the act is labelled by not the individual-> bad thing not bad person
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What does reintegrative shaming allow?
The offender to stay in normal society while making them aware of the negative impact of their actions. (limits secondary deviance)
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are 'moral entrepreneurs' by Becker?
Back
People who lead a moral 'crusade' to change the law.
Card 3
Front
Why does Platt say 'juvenile delinquency' was created?
Back
Card 4
Front
Example of social control agencies changing the law to increase their own power?
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