Infradian Rhythms

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The most obvious infradian rhythm is the human female -------- cycle driven by fluctuating hormone levels.
Menstrual
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Less well known infradian rhythms are the monthly rhythms affecting -----.
Males
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Who did a study where 21 male participants had their body temperature & alertness levels measured over periods of 49-102 days? Found some evidence in males for a periodic variation in temperature & morning alertness, with a cycle of about 20 days.
Empson
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Infradian rhythms don't have to be monthly, some can be once a year, such as -------- affective disorder (SAD).
Seasonal
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SAD - depressed during the winter months and recover during the summer (we may all experience some lowering of mood when there's more darkness than daylight but SAD sufferers experience ------ symptoms).
Severe
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SAD - studies show the hormones melatonin & serotonin are secreted when it's dark (by the pineal gland); more darkness = more melatonin & more melatonin = less serotonin (as melatonin is produced from serotonin). Low levels of serotonin = ----------.
Depression
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The menstrual cycle is normally governed by an ---------- system (the release of hormones under the control of the pituitary gland) but can be controlled by exogenous cues.
Endogenous
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Research has shown that when several women ---- together and don't take oral contraceptives, they tend to menstruate at the same time every month.
Live
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Who did a study where daily samples of sweat were collected from 1 group of women and rubbed on to the upper lip of women in the second group? The groups were kept separate yet their menstrual cycles became synchronised - (pheromones).
Russell et al
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---------- are chemicals which are released and act like hormones but have an effect on the bodies of people close by rather than to body of the person producing them.
Pheromones
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Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder that affects many women during the week before menstruation begins (symptoms include mood swings) - research on the menstrual cycle shows that PMS is a ------------- with rather than psychological problem.
Physiological
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Who found that PMS was also associated with an increase in accidents, suicides and crime?
Dalton
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SAD has been explained in terms of being a natural outcome of infradian rhythms, but alternatively it could be the consequence of a disrupted --------- rhythm.
Circadian
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SAD - as the seasons change from summer to winter, circadian rhythms may be thrown out of phase - people continue to get up at the same time but often go to bed earlier as it's darker earlier, meaning the biological system thinks ---- is shifting.
time
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IDA - PMS has been used as a ----- defence (a woman drove into her husband after an argument, killing him. She was charged with murder but placed on probation as it was argued her actions were related to severe PMS (Johnson).
Legal
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IDA - Dr Katharina ------ argues that severe PMS is akin to a mental disorder and therefore individuals shouldn't be held responsible for their actions - suggests biological rhythms may be beyond our control.
Dalton
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IDA - Who found that people who were told to wake up at earlier times of the night than usual had higher levels of the stress hormone ACTH (which contributes to the waking-up process) than normal at the designated time & they woke up earlier?
Born et al
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IDA - the understanding of the role of darkness in SAD has led to effective therapies, such as ------------.
Phototherapy
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Phototherapy uses strong lights in the evening and/or early morning to change levels of melatonin and serotonin - sufferers reported that daily use of this relieves them of their symptoms (although some question if this is down to the ------- effect)
Placebo
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IDA - Who found that a placebo condition of phototherapy was less effective, but 32% of participants did improve with the placebo alone?
Eastman et al
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Less well known infradian rhythms are the monthly rhythms affecting -----.

Back

Males

Card 3

Front

Who did a study where 21 male participants had their body temperature & alertness levels measured over periods of 49-102 days? Found some evidence in males for a periodic variation in temperature & morning alertness, with a cycle of about 20 days.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Infradian rhythms don't have to be monthly, some can be once a year, such as -------- affective disorder (SAD).

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

SAD - depressed during the winter months and recover during the summer (we may all experience some lowering of mood when there's more darkness than daylight but SAD sufferers experience ------ symptoms).

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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