Infradian Rhythms

1. Less well known infradian rhythms are the monthly rhythms affecting -----. (5)
4. SAD - as the seasons change from summer to winter, circadian rhythms may be thrown out of phase - people continue to get up at the same time but often go to bed earlier as it's darker earlier, meaning the biological system thinks ---- is shifting. (4)
5. The most obvious infradian rhythm is the human female -------- cycle driven by fluctuating hormone levels. (9)
6. Phototherapy uses strong lights in the evening and/or early morning to change levels of melatonin and serotonin - sufferers reported that daily use of this relieves them of their symptoms (although some question if this is down to the ------- effect) (7)
9. IDA - Who found that people who were told to wake up at earlier times of the night than usual had higher levels of the stress hormone ACTH (which contributes to the waking-up process) than normal at the designated time & they woke up earlier? (4, 2, 2)
10. Infradian rhythms don't have to be monthly, some can be once a year, such as -------- affective disorder (SAD). (8)

2. Who did a study where daily samples of sweat were collected from 1 group of women and rubbed on to the upper lip of women in the second group? The groups were kept separate yet their menstrual cycles became synchronised - (pheromones). (7, 2, 2)
3. Who did a study where 21 male participants had their body temperature & alertness levels measured over periods of 49-102 days? Found some evidence in males for a periodic variation in temperature & morning alertness, with a cycle of about 20 days. (6)
7. SAD - depressed during the winter months and recover during the summer (we may all experience some lowering of mood when there's more darkness than daylight but SAD sufferers experience ------ symptoms). (6)
8. IDA - PMS has been used as a ----- defence (a woman drove into her husband after an argument, killing him. She was charged with murder but placed on probation as it was argued her actions were related to severe PMS (Johnson). (5)

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