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6. The most common and widespread influenza strain is?

  • C
  • A
  • B
  • A and B

7. Which Clostridium perfringens toxin causes hypersecretion of electrolytes and water causing diarrhoea?

  • Enterotoxin
  • Alpha toxin
  • Endotoxin

8. 99% of infectons in the respiratory tract are caused by?

  • Candida
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Influenza

9. Although common in respiratory infections, which causes 25% of skin infections in 6-9 year olds?

  • Bordtella pertussis
  • Corynebacterium diptheriae
  • Shigella dysenteriae
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis

10. Which of the following is not part of respiratory tract normal flora?

  • Bordetella
  • Streptoccocus
  • Corynebacteria
  • Neiserria

11. Pilli and fimbrae facilitate what?

  • Virulence
  • None of the above
  • Adhesion
  • Movement

12. A microorganism whose relationship with it's host is parasitic and results in infection and disease is known as...

  • An opportunistic microorganism
  • A pathogen
  • A disease causing agent
  • A parasite

13. A local infection by diptheria is found in?

  • The gastrointestinal tract
  • The respiratory tract
  • The skin
  • The ear

14. Gardnerella vaginalis and Candida albicans may cause infection if

  • The pH is increased
  • Lactobacilli numbers are reduced
  • All of these answers are correct
  • The patient is on broad spectrum antibiotics

15. Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic bacteria in ruminants?

  • Lactobacillus succiongenes
  • Tyrobacillus vibrae
  • Firobacter succinogenes
  • Bifidobacterium

16. Transient flora are not significant as long as?

  • The patient does not already have any colonies of that microorganism
  • Normal flora is able to evade the immune system
  • Normal flora is stable
  • The patient has good nutrition

17. Which symptoms result from the exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?

  • Inhibition of protein synthesis resultng in cell death
  • All of these answers are correct
  • Blocks action of inhibitory neurons of spinal cord producing rigidity and spasms in the head and neck. Then travelling down the body making the back arch.
  • Causes paralysis of deglutination and respiratory muscles by blocking the release of acetylcholine in synapses and neuromuscular junctions

18. Define disease..

  • The pathogenic state that results when something damages or disrupts normal structure and function of tissues and organs
  • The physiological state that results from an infectious agent when it produces toxins and stops an organ from working efficiently
  • The pathogenic process of destruction of an organ caused by carcinogenic agents such as cigarette smoke
  • A state where all immune responses are halted due to a tissue or organ being irreversibly damaged

19. Which of the following is colonised by normal flora?

  • Spleen
  • Urethra
  • Kidney
  • Salivary glands

20. Which of the following is known as a virulence factor?

  • hyphal growth
  • cell cytoplasm leakage
  • fastidious growth
  • CO2 production