6. The most common and widespread influenza strain is?
- C
- A
- B
- A and B
7. Which Clostridium perfringens toxin causes hypersecretion of electrolytes and water causing diarrhoea?
- Enterotoxin
- Alpha toxin
- Endotoxin
8. 99% of infectons in the respiratory tract are caused by?
- Candida
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Influenza
9. Although common in respiratory infections, which causes 25% of skin infections in 6-9 year olds?
- Bordtella pertussis
- Corynebacterium diptheriae
- Shigella dysenteriae
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
10. Which of the following is not part of respiratory tract normal flora?
- Bordetella
- Streptoccocus
- Corynebacteria
- Neiserria
11. Pilli and fimbrae facilitate what?
- Virulence
- None of the above
- Adhesion
- Movement
12. A microorganism whose relationship with it's host is parasitic and results in infection and disease is known as...
- An opportunistic microorganism
- A pathogen
- A disease causing agent
- A parasite
13. A local infection by diptheria is found in?
- The gastrointestinal tract
- The respiratory tract
- The skin
- The ear
14. Gardnerella vaginalis and Candida albicans may cause infection if
- The pH is increased
- Lactobacilli numbers are reduced
- All of these answers are correct
- The patient is on broad spectrum antibiotics
15. Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic bacteria in ruminants?
- Lactobacillus succiongenes
- Tyrobacillus vibrae
- Firobacter succinogenes
- Bifidobacterium
16. Transient flora are not significant as long as?
- The patient does not already have any colonies of that microorganism
- Normal flora is able to evade the immune system
- Normal flora is stable
- The patient has good nutrition
17. Which symptoms result from the exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?
- Inhibition of protein synthesis resultng in cell death
- All of these answers are correct
- Blocks action of inhibitory neurons of spinal cord producing rigidity and spasms in the head and neck. Then travelling down the body making the back arch.
- Causes paralysis of deglutination and respiratory muscles by blocking the release of acetylcholine in synapses and neuromuscular junctions
18. Define disease..
- The pathogenic state that results when something damages or disrupts normal structure and function of tissues and organs
- The physiological state that results from an infectious agent when it produces toxins and stops an organ from working efficiently
- The pathogenic process of destruction of an organ caused by carcinogenic agents such as cigarette smoke
- A state where all immune responses are halted due to a tissue or organ being irreversibly damaged
19. Which of the following is colonised by normal flora?
- Spleen
- Urethra
- Kidney
- Salivary glands
20. Which of the following is known as a virulence factor?
- hyphal growth
- cell cytoplasm leakage
- fastidious growth
- CO2 production