Infection and Response

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How many types of pathogen are there?
4
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What are the types of pathogen?
Bacteria, virus, protists or fungi
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What do pathogens cause?
Communicable (infectious) diseases
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How does bacteria make you feel ill?
By releasing toxins that damage your cells and tissues
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True or False: Viruses are cells
False
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What usually makes you feel ill when you have a virus?
cell damage
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How do viruses reproduce?
Living inside your cells and using the cell's machinery to produce copies of themselves. The cell will then usually burst.
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What are protists?
single-celled eukaryotes
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What is a parasite?
A protist that lives on or inside other organisms and can cause them damage.
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How are parasites transferred to an organism?
via a vector (a carrier that doesn't get the disease itself)
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What can fungi be?
single-celled or can make up hyphae
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What do hyphae do?
grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants
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What do hyphae produce?
spores
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What three ways can pathogens be spread?
Water, air or direct contact
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How is measles spread?
droplets from an infected person's sneeze or cough
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What are the symptoms of measles?
red skin rash and a fever
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What can measles cause in the worst cases?
death
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Why can people die from measles?
it leads to pnemonia or encephalitis (a brain infection)
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How can measles be prevented?
vaccinations when young
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How is HIV spread?
Sexual contact or the exchange of bodily fluids
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What does HIV cause initially?
flu-like symptoms
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How can HIV be treated?
antiretroviral drugs
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What does HIV do?
attacks immune cells
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What happens if the body's immune system is badly damaged as a consequence of HIV?
It cannot cop with other infections or cancers
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What is late stage HIV called?
AIDS
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What sort of pathogen is Tobacco Mosaic?
Virus
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What does Tobacco Mosaic Virus affect?
many species of plants e.g. tomatoes
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What does tobacco mosaic virus cause?
a mosaic pattern on the leaves and parts of the leaves become discoloured
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What does the discolouration of a plant's leaves mean?
it can't carry out photosynthesis as well
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What is rose black spot?
a fungus
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What does rose black spot cause?
purple or black spots on the leaves of rose plants
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How does rose black spot spread?
water and wind
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What is a side effect of the black spots on the leaves of a rose plant?
less photosynthesis
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How can rose black spot be treated?
fungicides, ********* the plant of its affected leaves which then need to be destroyed
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What sort of disease is malaria?
a protist
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What does malaria cause?
repeated episodes of fever, which can be fatal
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How can malaria be prevented?
mosquito nets and insecticides
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What are the symptoms of salmonella?
fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
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How is gonorrhoea transmitted?
sexual contact
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What are the symptoms of gonorhoea
pain when urinating, thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis
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How did gonorrhoea used to be treated?
penicillin
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Why can some strains of gonorrhoea no longer be treated with penicillin?
they have become resistant
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How can gonorrhoea be prevented?
barrier methods of contraception (e.g. condoms)
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How can disease be prevented?
being hygienic, destroying vectors, isolating infected individuals, vaccination
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What things make up the body's defence system?
the skin (secretes antimicrobial substances to kill pathogens), hairs and mucus in your nose (trap particles) , trachea and bronchi secrete mucus and are lined with cilia, the stomach is filled with hydrochloric acid
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How can white blood cells attack microbes?
consuming them, releasing antibodies or producing antitoxins
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What happens when you are infected with a new pathogen?
it takes your white blood cells a few days to learn how to deal with it
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What is in a vaccine?
small amounts of dead or weakened pathogens
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What is the pros of vaccination?
helped control lots of communicable diseases, epidemics can be prevented by herd immunisation
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What are the cons of vaccination?
don't always work, sometimes you can have a bad reaction although they are very rare.
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How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
Bacteria mutates which can sometimes lead to them being resistant to an antibiotic
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Why is it important to use the right antibiotic to treat the problem?
If incorrect antibiotic is used the bacteria is unlikely to be killed
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Can antibiotics destroy viruses?
No
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What happens to the individual resistant bacteria?
they will survive and reproduce
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How can the rate of development of resistant strains of bacteria be slowed down?
doctors avoiding over-prescribing antibiotics, patients completing the entire course of antibiotics
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Where did many drugs originally come from?
Plants
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What do plants produce that can be used as drugs?
chemicals that they use to defend to themselves against pests and pathogens
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Name 2 examples of people using chemicals found in plants to treat diseases
1. aspirin was developed from a chemical found in willow 2. digitalis is used to treat heart conditions
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Where else are drugs extracted from?
Microorganisms
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What are the three main stages of drug testing?
preclinical testing (drugs tested on human cells and tissue + tested on live animals), clinical trial (tested on human volunteers + on patients)
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What might be the problem of testing on individual cells or tissues?
you can't use them to test drugs that affect the whole or multiple body systems
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Why do we test on live animals?
to test efficacy, toxicity and what the best dosage is
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What is the law in Britain about testing on animals?
Needs to be tested on at least two mammals
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Why might people be against animal testing?
it is cruel
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Why might people be for animal testing?
It is the safest way to make sure the drug isn't dangerous
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Why must the drug be tested on healthy volunteers first?
to test for harmful side effects
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When is the optimum dose of the drug found?
During testing on people suffering from the disease
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How do people test how well a drug works?
people are randomly put into two groups, one is given the new drug and the other group gets a placebo
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What is the difference between blind and double-blind trials?
in blind trials, only the patient doesn't know if they have a placebo or not, a double-blind trial means neither patient or doctor knows who has the placebo and who has the real drug
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What must happen before the results of drug trials are published?
a peer review
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Why must drugs go through a peer review?
to prevent false claims
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What are antibodies produced by?
B-lymphocytes
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What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?
lots of clones of a single white blood cell
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What is a hybridoma?
a b-lymphocyte with a tumour cell
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What are monoclonal antibodies used in?
pregnancy tests, treat diseases and used to find specific substances
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What are the problems with monoclonal antibodies?
they cause side effects such as fever, vomiting and low blood pressure
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What are common signs of disease in plants?
stunted growth, spots on leaves, patches of decay, abnormal growths, malformed stems or leaves and discolouration
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What are physical defences in plants?
waxy cuticle, cell walls made from cellulose, layers of dead cells around their stems
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What are chemical defences in plants?
antibacterial chemicals, poisons
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What are mechanical defences in plants?
thorns or hairs, drooping or curling leaves after contact, mimicary
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What are the symptoms of a lack of nitrates in plants?
stunted growth
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What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency in plants?
chlorosis and yellow leaves
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the types of pathogen?

Back

Bacteria, virus, protists or fungi

Card 3

Front

What do pathogens cause?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How does bacteria make you feel ill?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

True or False: Viruses are cells

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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