a variation at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals
failure of chromosomes to properly separate
wrong number of chromosomes
no chromosomes
7. chromosomes
tightly coil around histones
chromatin fibres on a protein scaffold
tightly coil to for nucleosomes
8. which is not a part of non-coding dna?
exons
telomeres
pseudogenes
tandem repeats
promoter regions
introns
9. tandem repeats
sections of DNA which are the same across species
dna coded for by telomeres
repeated short DNA sequence occured due to polymerase slippage
when a chromosome replicates to many time
10. coding dna
TRANSFER tRN
Xist
DNA transcribed into mRNA
microRNA
RIBOSOMAL rRNA
11. genome makeup
2 sex chromosomes, 44 autosomes, 35 genes on mitochondrial chromosomes
2 sex chromosomes, 24 autosome pairs, 35 genes on mitochondrial chromosomes
2 sex chromosomes, 44 autosomes, 37 genes on mitochondrial chromosomes
2 sex chromosomes, 44 autosome pairs, 37 genes on mitochondrial chromosomes
12. alteration of promoter strength effect
prevents translation from occuring
can have deleterious effects upon a gene, often resulting in disease
can have deleterious effects upon a cell, often resulting in disease
prevents replication from occuring
13. transcription
The synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) using DNA as a template
the process which a sequence of nucleotide triplets in a messenger RNA gives rise to a specific of amino acids during the synthesis of a polypeptide chain or protein
polypeptides will fold into a distinct 3D structure and may join with other polypeptides to make a multi-partprotein
Removal of intronic sequences from the pre-mRNA. The exonic sequences are spliced together. The number of exons varies greatly between genes.
TFIIB transcription factor recognises TATA box/ promoter region
15. secretory pathway
signal peptide: ER to golgi to secretory vesicles, lysosomes and plasma membrane
signal peptide: cytosol to plasma membrane, mitochondria and nucleus
no signal peptide: ER to golgi to secretory vesicles, lysosomes and plasma membrane
no signal peptide: cytosol to plasma membrane, mitochondria and nucleus
16. splicing
Removal of exononic sequences from the pre-mRNA. The intronic sequences are spliced together. The number of introns varies greatly between genes.
the process which a sequence of nucleotide triplets in a messenger RNA gives rise to a specific of amino acids during the synthesis of a polypeptide chain or protein
Removal of intronic sequences from the pre-mRNA. The exonic sequences are spliced together. The number of exons varies greatly between genes.
The synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) using DNA as a template
17. synteny
A DNA sequence that resembles agene but has beenmutated into an inactive form over the course of evolution
when telomeres cannot shorten any more
when long DNA sequences are present in the same order in different species (translocation throughout evolution)
inactivated x chromosome in a woman pushed to edge of the nucleus
18. pufferfish % coding DNA
1%
10%
2%
12%
19. transcription elongation
The DNA double helix unwinds and RNA polymerase reads the template strand, adding nucleotides to the 3′ end of the growing chain
The DNA double helix unwinds and DNA polymerase reads the template strand, adding nucleotides to the 5′ end of the growing chain
The DNA double helix unwinds and RNA polymerase reads the template strand, adding nucleotides to the 5′ end of the growing chain
The DNA double helix unwinds and DNA polymerase reads the template strand, adding nucleotides to the 3′ end of the growing chain
20. which is not a reason why RBCs lose their nucleus?
Maintains a concave shape to maximise oxygen diffusion
Provides red blood cells with the flexibility to squeeze through capillaries.
