Hydrocarbons

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What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound that is only made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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What bonds do alkanes have?
C-C single bonds.
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What is the general formula of alkanes?
C(n)H(2n+2)
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What is a homologous series?
A group of organic compounds which react in a similar way.
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What are the first four alkanes?
Methane, ethane, propane & butane.
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What are the properties of a long-chain hydrocarbon?
High viscosity, high boiling point, low flammability.
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What are the products when a hydrocarbon is completely combusted?
Carbon dioxide, water & energy.
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How is crude oil separated into hydrocarbons with similar lengths?
Fractional distillation.
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What does the petrochemical industry use hydrocarbons for?
As a feedstock to create new compounds to use in detergents, lubricants, polymers & solvents.
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What is kerosene used for?
Aeroplane fuel.
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What is cracking?
Where longer alkane molecules produced by fractional distillation are turned into smaller, more useful ones.
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What are the two main methods of cracking?
Catalytic cracking & steam cracking.
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What is a functional group?
A group of atoms in a molecule that determines how that molecule typically reacts.
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What is the functional group of alkenes?
C=C (double carbon bond)
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What is the general formula of alkenes?
C(n)H(2n)
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What is produced when alkenes undergo incomplete combustion?
Carbon monoxide (CO): a poisonous gas.
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What happens when alkenes undergo hydrogenation?
The reaction produces the equivalent, saturated alkane.
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What happens when alkenes react with halogens?
The C=C double bond opens up, and each one becomes bonded to a halogen atom.
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Finish the equation: Bromine + ethene -->
Dibromoethane
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What happens when an alkene is put in bromine water?
The orange water becomes colourless: the unsaturated alkene has bonded with the bromine in the water.
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What is formed when an alkene is reacted with steam?
An alcohol.
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What is the functional group of an alcohol?
O-H.
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What are the first four alcohols?
Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol.
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What is the general formula of alcohols?
C(n)H(2n+1)OH
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What is fermentation?
Where an enzyme in yeast converts sugars into ethanol.
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What are the optimum conditions for fermentation?
37 degrees Celsius, slightly acidic, anaerobic conditions.
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What is a product of the reaction between an alcohol and sodium?
Hydrogen.
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What is produced when alcohols are oxidised?
Carboxylic acids.
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What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
-COOH
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What happens when carboxylic acids are put in water?
They dissolve and partially ionise, creating a weak acidic solution.
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How are esters produced?
By reacting an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
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What is formed when ethanol and ethanoic acid are reacted?
Ethyl ethanoate + water.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What bonds do alkanes have?

Back

C-C single bonds.

Card 3

Front

What is the general formula of alkanes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is a homologous series?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the first four alkanes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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Angela

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Thank youuuuuuu! Big revision help

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