Heath, Disease and the Development of Medicines

?
define health
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
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what is a disease?
an illness that prevents the body functioning properly
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what are the two sorts of diseases?
communicable
non-communicable
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what are communicable diseases?
diseases that can be spread between individuals
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what are non-communicable diseases?
diseases that can't be transmitted between individuals
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why, if you are affected by one disease, may you become more susceptible to others?
your body may become weakened by the disease, so it's less able to fight off others.
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what causes non-communicable diseases?
pathogens
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what are some examples of pathogens?
viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists
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cholera
(name the pathogen,
symptoms/ effects,
how it spreads,
how to reduce/ prevent transmission)
bacterium
diarrhoea
contaminated water
making sure people have access to clean water supplies
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tuberculosis
bacterium
coughing and lung damage
through air when infected individuals cough
infected people should avoid crowded public place, have good hygiene, sleep alone, ventilate their home
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malaria
protists
damage to red blood cells and in severe cases the to the liver
mosquitoes act as vectors (carriers)
mosquito nets, insect repellent
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stomach ulcers
bacterium
stomach pains, nausea, vomiting
oral transmissions (swallowing contaminated food or water)
having clean water supply and hygienic living conditions
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ebola
virus
haemorrhagic fever (a fever with bleeding)
bodily fluids
isolating infected induvial and sterilising any areas where virus may be present
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chalara ash dieback
fugus that infects ash trees
leaf loss, bark lesions (wounds)
though air by wind, diseased ash trees moved between areas
removing young,infected tress and replanting different species, restricting import or movement of trees
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viruses are not cells, what are they?
usually no more than a protein coat around a strand of genetic material
(a particle)
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what do viruses need to do in order to reproduce?
infect living cells (called host cells)
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specific types of viruses will only infect ..............?
specific cells
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when does the lifecycle of a plant start?
when it infects a new host cell
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once a virus has infected a new host cell it will reproduce by the ...........?
lytic pathway
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however, some may enter the .......... pathway first
lysogenic
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what's the first step in the lytic pathway?
the virus attaches itself to a specific host cell and injects its genetic material into the cell
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what happens next?
the virus uses proteins and enzymes in the host cell to replicate its genetic material and produce the components of a new viruses
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what the last steps of the lytic pathway?
the viral components will assemble, and the host cell splits open releasing the virus which infects more cells
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what's the first step in the lysogenic pathway?
the injected genetic material is incorporated into the genome (DNA) of the host cell
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what happens next?
the viral genetic material gets replicated along with the host DNA every time the host cell divides - but the virus is dormant (inactive) and no new viruses are made
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what's the final step of the lysogenic pathway?
eventually a trigger (e.g., the presence of a chemical cause the virus to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway
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what are STI's?
infections that are spread through sexual activities, including sexual reproduction.
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name two STI's
chlamydia
HIV
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chlamydia
(pathogen, symptoms, reduce spreading)
bacterium, but behaves like a virus as can only reproduce inside host cells.
doesn't always cause symptoms, can result in infertility in men and women.
condoms, screening individuals so they can be treated, avoiding sexual activity.
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what does HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) do and what does it lead to?
it kills white blood cells, which are important in the immune response
it eventually leads to AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
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Because of this what happens to the infected persons immune system?
it deteriorates and eventually fails; this makes the person vulnerable to opportunistic infections by other pathogens
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how is HIV spread?
how do you prevent the spread?
spread via bodily fluids (blood,semen,vaginal fluids)
condoms, drug users shouldn't share needles, screening and treatment so it doesn't get spread to others during sex
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most plants and stems have a waxy cuticle, what does this do?
provides a barrier to stop pathogens entering them or pests from damaging them and may also stop water collecting on the leaf which reduces risk of infection by pathogens that're transferred between plants in water
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what are plant cells surrounded by?
cell walls made from cellulose
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what do these form?
a physical barrier against pathogens that do make it past the waxy cuticles
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plants don't just rely on physical defences, what else do they produce?
chemicals that help prevent the damage of the plant
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they produce chemicals called antiseptics, what do these do?
kill bacteria and fungal pathogens
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why else do plants produce chemicals?
to deter pests from feeding on their leaves
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what can some of these chemicals be used as?
drugs to treat human disease or relive symptoms
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where is quinine found and what did it treat?
it comes from the bark of the cinchona tree
for years it was the main treatment for malaria
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where is aspirin found and what does it treat?
developed from a chemical found in the bark and leaves of willow trees
used to relive pain and fever
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in fields how are plant diseases usually detected?
by observations
plant pathologists recognise the symptoms
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sometimes plants can show symptoms of a disease which are actually due to what?
environmental changes, such as nutrient deficiency
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what can changing the environmental conditions (e.g., adding nutrient to the soil) and observing changes to the plant's symptoms determine?
weather the plant is diseased or if the symptoms were due to something else
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pathogens are spread in different ways, so what can pathologists do to identify the type of pathogen involved?
they can analyse the direction of diseased plants
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patches of diseased plants may suggest the disease was spread how?
through the soil
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random distributions of diseased plants may suggest the disease was spread how?
by an airborne pathogen
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what does laboratory based diagnostic testing allow?
accurate identification of specific cells
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what does laboratory-based diagnostic testing involve?
detecting antigens
detecting DNA
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describe detecting antigens
antigens from a particular protein will be present in a plant infected with that pathogen and can be detected in a sample of plant tissue(using monoclonal antibodies)
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when detecting antigens, what can the detection of an antigen unique to a particular pathogen allow?
it allows that pathogen to be identified and the disease diagnosed
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describe detecting DNA
If plant is infected with a pathogen the pathogen's DNA will be present in the plants tissue, scientists have techniques that allow them to detect pathogens of DNA in a sample of plant tissue allowing them to identify the particular pathogen present
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is a disease?

Back

an illness that prevents the body functioning properly

Card 3

Front

what are the two sorts of diseases?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are communicable diseases?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what are non-communicable diseases?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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