General Defences

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G C J V H Y O M X U V N S G U I Q Y C I T
Q A I W S I D C K U B O A N M S F Q R T N
K E C I A H P N W K N I V H U S C K P F B
B R L L I D I E R E X T E J D E P E S I O
B O E S N H X R B C P N J H R L X A S O D
A O Q O T O J T E R I E J N Y F M Q T K R
S M O N O K O B J O F T L Q W D S R S H H
I D L V X G O B O F Q N X D O E V O B D J
C N M P I A T A N F K I I K W F Y V J C U
I A V R C U U R E O M C H A B E E N A K K
N N E I A T R N S Y P I C J W N J P P R I
T A O N T O E E H T X F U Y T C N G M N D
E H C G I M M S O I W I C C O E N T O Q M
N E V L O A A S R S N C I Q D I K E P I A
T E P E N T I P S S M E N Q G S C P G T O
I H Q E P I H O E E B P Q X W A Q D A C K
O S U Q P S U R P C X S H C O R E J J D J
N G W Y B M X T L E K H G Y T J H Q B V J
D J E P M O S S A N K K A A N I I F I N F
Q S A P X Q V P Y S P J D B N N N O F N V
N H E T I C L H S F D X E E R Q W N T X X

Clues

  • (subjective) D had only done what he honestly and instictively thought wasnecessaryatthe time (Gladstone Williams). The D is not under duty to retreat and may strike first (Bird). (9, 2, 5)
  • A general defence, available to all offences. It is a complete defence, resulting in a complete acquittal. (10)
  • A general defence, only available in some circumstances. (12)
  • common law defence outlined in the case of Palmer (4, 7, 2, 1)
  • D engaged in 'rough' and undisciplined play not intending to cause harm and genuinely believed that the injuries occurred during the horseplay did so with consent. (5, 9)
  • Intoxication was a defence to the specific intent crime of murder, but they were found guilty of manslaughter; as a drunken intent is still an intent. (7, 3, 5)
  • It is any crime where only an intention (direct or oblique) will satisfy the MR. Eg) S.18 GBH or murder. (8, 9)
  • It is any offence where the MR can be satisfied through D being reckless. Eg) S.39, s.47, s.20. (5, 9)
  • Most sports have their own enforcable rules and codes of conduct, so a criminal prosecution should be reserved for situations where the conduct was sufficiently grave. (6, 6)
  • The ordinary jostlings of everyday life are not a battery. (6, 1, 7)

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