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6. What does Messerschmidt say about accomplishing masculinity?

  • Gender isnt something you do, innate, our actions aim to support gender, not one kind of masculinity, alternative ways to trad, some kinds encourage depending on class, race, sexuality
  • Gender is something you do, accomplish, our actions aim to accomplish gender, not one kind of masculinity, alternative ways to trad, some kinds encourage depending on class, race, sexuality
  • Gender is something you do, accomplish, our actions aim to accomplish gender, not one kind of masculinity, alternative ways to trad, some kinds encourage depending on gender, class, race, sexuality

7. What is Liberation theory as an explaination of the rising crime rate among young women?

  • Adler - As society becomes less patriarchal, women's crime rates fall as there is greater opportunity and confidence to legally make money, taking on male social roles legally, no need to do male crimes too
  • Adler - As society becomes less patriarchal, women's crime rates rise as there is greater opportunity and confidence to commit crime, taking on male social roles ilegal and legal, doing male crimes too
  • Adler - As society becomes more patriarchal, women's crime rates fall as there is less opportunity and confidence to commit crime, taking on male social roles but only legal ones, not doing male crimes too

8. How does Denscombe's study support Liberation theory?

  • It provides theoretical support for the fact that female crime levels and imprisonment rates are rising quicker than males by number and seriouness of crime
  • It provides practical support for the suggestion that female crime levels and imprisonment rates are rising quicker than males by number and seriouness of crime
  • It provides limited support for the idea that female crime levels and imprisonment rates are rising quicker than males by number and seriouness of crime

9. What are further negetive evaluations of Messerschmidt?

  • Negetive & stereotypical view of men, esp w/c or ethnic minority, ignore politically motivated crimes, men that reject controlling women, exagerrates role of masculinity in crime, Majority dont commit crime to get hegemonic goals
  • Negetive & stereotypical view of men, esp w/c or ethnic minority, ignore politically motivated crimes, men that reject controlling women,under-plays role of masculinity in crime, Majority dont commit crime to get hegemonic goals
  • Weak & stereotypical view of women, esp w/c or ethnic minority, ignore politically motivated crimes, men that reject controlling women, exagerrates role of masculinity in crime, Majority dont commit crime to get hegemonic goals

10. What does Messerschmidt say about masculinities and crime in youth groups - third class?

  • Lower w/c, ethnic minorities boys cant get reasonably paid/secure jobs, cant be breadwinner masculinity, poor families so no consumer goods with status, limited success in schools/work, use violence/crime, property crime for money of hegemonic, gangs
  • Lower w/c, ethnic minorities boys cant get reasonably paid/secure jobs, cant be breadwinner masculinity, poor families so no consumer goods with status, no success in schools/work, use violence/crime, property crime for money of hegemonic, gangs
  • Lower w/c, ethnic minorities boys cant get reasonably paid/secure jobs, cant be breadwinner masculinity, poor families so no consumer goods with status, no success in schools/work, use violence/crime, are subordinate

11. What sociologist developed Oakley's ideas on gender roles and crime and what did they add?

  • Messerschmidt - Argued boys in the UK are socialised into hegemonic masculine value system that stresses differences from women and paticular masculine goals that need to be achieved to become a real man
  • Denscombe - Argued boys in the UK are socialised into hegemonic masculine value system that stresses differences from women and paticular masculine goals that need to be achieved to become a real man
  • Croall - Argued boys in the UK are socialised into hegemonic masculine value system that stresses differences from women and paticular masculine goals that need to be achieved to become a real man

12. What sociologist suggests 3 inter-related factors that motivate females to commit crime and what are they?

  • Croall - To fund a drug habit (Shop lifting/prostitution) , Desire for excitment (Like Katz and Lyng say males do) and conspicuous consumption of good e.g designer label clothing (Often targeted by shop lifters)
  • Adler - To fund a drug habit (Shop lifting/prostitution) , Desire for excitment (Like Katz and Lyng say males do) and conspicuous consumption of good e.g designer label clothing (Often targeted by shop lifters)
  • Denscombe - To fund a drug habit (Shop lifting/prostitution) , Desire for excitment (Like Katz and Lyng say males do) and conspicuous consumption of good e.g designer label clothing (Often targeted by shop lifters)

13. What percentagte of those found guilty or cautioned for sexual offences were male?

  • 99% male
  • 97% male
  • 67% male

14. What does Messerschmidt say about Hegemonic & subordinate masculinities?

  • Following Connell, main types, Hegemonic is most prized, subodinate carry less status & power (gay/Afrcian American), hegemonic varies by time but generally is based on subordination of women, benefit from it, others try but harder
  • Following Connell, main types, Hegemonic is least prized, subodinate carry less status & power (gay/Afrcian American), hegemonic varies by time but generally is based on subordination of women, benefit from it, others try but harder
  • Following Connell, main types, Hegemonic is most prized, subodinate carry less status & power (gay/Afrcian American), hegemonic varies by time but generally is based on subordination of weaker men, benefit from it, others try but harder

15. What can this explanation be undermined by?

  • Commitment to the rules may be undermined by social class and age
  • Commitment to the rules may be undermined by social class and ethnicity
  • Commitment to the rules may be undermined by ethnicity and age

16. What does Messerschmidt say about the study of criminology?

  • Most crime is commited by men so it must include a detailed study of masculine values. Argues past criminology fails to deal with this link.
  • Most crime is commited by working class men so it must include a detailed study of w/c masculine values. Argues past criminology fails to deal with this link.
  • Most crime is commited by young men so it must include a detailed study of young masculine values. Argues past criminology fails to deal with this link.

17. What is happening to poverty and who supports it?

  • Poverty is becoming feminised in last 20 years as women more likely to experience low pay and benefits, female crimes like shop lifting/fraud increased as reaction to poverty, Walklate - shoplifting/prostitution often due to economic need e.g kids
  • Poverty is becoming masculinised in last 20 years as men more likely to experience low pay and benefits, male crimes like shop lifting/fraud increased as reaction to poverty, Walklate - shoplifting/prostitution often due to economic need e.g kids
  • Poverty is becoming feminised in last 40 years as women more likely to experience low pay and benefits, female crimes like shop lifting/mugging increased as reaction to poverty, Walklate - shoplifting/prostitution often due to economic need e.g kids

18. What is the evidence for Liberation theory?

  • Between 1981-1997 number of girls under 18 convicted for violent offences in Eng/Wales doubled, A Demos survey of 2,000 UK women between 18-26 1 in 9 respondants said acceptable to use physical violence to get what they wanted
  • Between 1981-1997 number of girls under 18 convicted for violent offences in Eng/Wales doubled, A Demos survey of 2,000 UK women between 18-24 1 in 8 respondants said acceptable to use physical violence to get what they wanted
  • Between 1984-1999 number of girls under 16 convicted for violent offences in Eng/Wales doubled, A Demos survey of 2,000 UK women between 18-24 1 in 8 respondants said acceptable to use physical violence to get what they wanted

19. What is differential socialisation and who studied it?

  • McRobbie & Garber - Males socialised into aggressive that lead to risktaking and commit crime, whereas females socialised into cooperation so less criminal norms and values
  • Smart & Oakley - Males socialised into aggressive that lead to risktaking and commit crime, whereas females socialised into cooperation so less criminal norms and values
  • Heidensohn - Males socialised into aggressive that lead to risktaking and commit crime, whereas females socialised into cooperation so less criminal norms and values

20. Evaluation of differential socialisation and differential controls?

  • Women are growing confidence so those issues are less relevant, social changes mean women are getting less important roles in society where they have less control over men, official figures may overderestimate the female crime rate
  • Women are growing confidence so those issues are less relevant, social changes mean women get more important roles in society where they have more control over men, official figures may underestimate the female crime rate (chivalry factor/skill)
  • Women are shrinking confidence so those issues are more relevant, social changes mean women are getting more important roles in society where they have more control over men, official figures may underestimate the female crime rate