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6. What is a volcano edifice collapse?

  • Collapse of a significant part of the volcano as well as landslide.
  • Collapse of a small part of the volcano as well as slope failure.
  • Collapse of a significant part of the volcano as well as slope failure.
  • Collapse of a significant part of the volcano.

7. How do wildfires occur?

  • Ignited by; lightening, rockfall sparks, earthquakes and human activity.
  • Ignited by; lightening, rockfall sparks, volcanic eruptions and human activity.
  • Ignited by; lightening, volcanic eruptions and human activity.
  • Ignited by; lightening, sunlight, rockfall sparks, volcanic eruptions and human activity.

8. What is a tornado?

  • Short rotating column of air in contact with ground and cumulonimbus cloud. Consists of moisture from the pressure gradient resulting in evaporation.
  • Tall rotating column of air in contact with ground and cumulonimbus cloud. Consists of moisture from the pressure gradient resulting in condensation.
  • Short rotating column of air in contact with ground and cumulonimbus cloud. Consists of moisture from the pressure gradient resulting in condensation.
  • Tall rotating column of air that is not in contact with the ground but is with a cirrocumulus cloud. The centre is warm and condensed.

9. What is the resistance of slope materials?

  • Shear strength, cohesion and cement.
  • Shear strength, cohesion and friction.
  • Shear strength, cohesion, cement and friction.
  • Shear strength, cohesion, adhesion, cement and friction.

10. When temperatures are cool what processes are more effective?

  • Radiation, conduction, convection and transpiration.
  • Radiation, conduction, convection, transpiration and perspiration.
  • Radiation, conduction, convection and perspiration.
  • Radiation, conduction and perspiration.

11. What are avalanche factors?

  • Temperature, slope gradient, aspect, wind direction, terrain, vegetation and snow pack conditions.
  • Temperature, slope gradient, aspect, terrain, vegetation and snow pack conditions.
  • Temperature, slope gradient, wind direction, terrain, vegetation and snow pack conditions.
  • Temperature, slope gradient, rainfall, wind direction, terrain, vegetation and snow pack conditions.

12. What is the difference between earthflow and debris flow?

  • Earthflow consists of fine sediment but debris flow is a mix of particles.
  • Earthflow consists of large sediment but debris flow is a mix of particles.
  • Earthflow consists of fine sediment but debris flow is one typeof particles.
  • Earthflow consists of coarse sediment but debris flow is a mix of particles.

13. What are type/s of megahazards?

  • Super-eruptions and extra-terrestrial hazards.
  • Extra-terrestrial hazards.
  • Super-eruptions, regional eruptions and extra-terrestrial hazards and
  • Super-eruptions.

14. What are rip currents?

  • Seaward flows that extend beyond the surf zone, driven by constructive waves.
  • Seaward flows that extend beyond the surf zone, driven by destructive waves.
  • Seaward flows that extend beyond the surf zone, driven by breaking waves.
  • Seaward flows that don't extend beyond the surf zone, driven by breaking waves.

15. What is the driving force of slope stability?

  • Shear stress, gravity, weight and slope angle and area.
  • Shear stress, weight and slope angle.
  • Shear stress, gravity, weight and slope angle.
  • Shear stress, gravity and slope angle.

16. How often to wildfires occur?

  • 3-4 million km2 burn annually worldwide, 4% of global vegetated land surface.
  • 3-4 million km2 burn annually worldwide, 3% of global vegetated land surface.
  • 3-6 million km2 burn annually worldwide, 3% of global vegetated land surface.
  • 2-4 million km2 burn annually worldwide, 5% of global vegetated land surface.

17. What are other factors in heat stress apart from temperature?

  • Humidity, humans adjust to temperatures greater than their body temperature through transpiration.
  • Humidity, humans adjust to temperatures greater than their body temperature through perspiration.
  • Humidity, humans adjust to temperatures less than their body temperature through perspiration.
  • Humidity, humans adjust to temperatures greater than their body temperature through evapouration.

18. What are some ENSO impacts (further afield)?

  • Disease.
  • All of them.
  • Cyclone frequency (Atlantic).
  • Floods in US

19. What is a recurrence interval?

  • Recurrence events through time - numerical scale from hours to million of years.
  • Recurrence events through time - logarithmic scale from hours to million of years.
  • Recurrence events through time - logarithmic scale from hours to hundreds of years.
  • Recurrence events through time - logarithmic scale from hours to thousands of years.

20. What is a megahazard?

  • Unexpected or unprecedented in; type, size, area and place.
  • Unexpected or unprecedented in; type, size and place.
  • Unexpected or unprecedented in; size and place.
  • Unexpected or unprecedented in; type and size.