Fundamental Chemistry

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  • Created by: SummayaM
  • Created on: 08-08-17 16:12
Who first used the term atomos to describe indivisible parts of matter?
Democritus
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Who proposed that the existence of atoms could explain law of conservation of mass?
John Dalton
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Which laws could be satisfied by the existence of atoms?
Law of Conservation of mass and Law of Definite Proportion
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What was the main postulate of Dalton's atomic theory?
That all matter is composed of atoms of different elements which differ in their properties
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What is the smallest part of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction?
Atom
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Can atoms of oxygen and nitrogen exist independently?
No
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How many sub-particles are thought to exist in atoms?
More than 100
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What are the fundamental particles of atoms?
Neutron, Electron, Proton
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Who determined the atomic masses of elements?
J. Berzelius
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Who developed the system of giving elements a symbol?
J. Berzelius
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How is the least size that can be measured by a light microscope?
500 nm
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Is the wavelength of electrons longer than that of visible light?
No, shorter.
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How has the diameter of atoms been measured?
X Rays
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What is the typical diameter of an atom?
0.2nm
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What is the value of 1 amu?
1.6606x10^-27
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How many atoms are contained in a full stop?
2 million
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What is the smallest part of a pure substance that can exist independently?
A molecule
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What determines the atomicity of a molecule?
The number of atoms present in it
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Which macro molecule transports oxygen in our bodies?
Hemoglobin
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How many atoms are present in one molecule of hemoglobin?
10,000
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How many times is a molcule of hemoglobin heavier than that of hydrogen?
68,000
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Ionization energy is endothermic or exo?
Endothermic
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The formation of a uni-negative ion is endo or exo?
Exothermic
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The formation of a di-negative ion is endo or exo?
Endothermic
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Are positive ions having a group of atoms common?
No only NH4+ and some carbocations
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What kind of molecular ions are more abundant?
Cationic
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How are molecular ions made?
By passing high energy electrons or alpha particles of X rays through them
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Which unit is used to express relative atomic mass?
Atomic Mass Unit
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What is the relative atomic mass of hydrogen?
1.008
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What is the relative atomic mass of copper?
63.546
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What is similar about isotopes of an element?
Occupy same position on periodic table and chemical properties
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Who first discovered isotopy?
Soddy
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How many isotopes does calcium have?
6
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How can the relative abundance of isotopes be determined?
By Mass spectrometer
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How many isotopes occur in nature?
280
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How many naturally occurring radioactive isotopes are there?
40
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How many artifical radioactive isotopes are there?
300
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How many isotopes do arsenic and iodine have?
1
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How many isotopes does gold have?
1
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How many isotopes does fluorine have?
1
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What are monoisotopic elements?
Have only one isotope
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How many isotopes do elements of odd atomic number have?
Not more than 2
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Which elements make up 50% of the Earth's crust?
Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Oxygen and Silicon
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How many naturally occurring isotopes have even mass and atomic number?
154
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Frequently occurring isotopes have what in common?
Mass number is a multiple of four
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Which instrument is used to measure exact mass of isotopes?
Mass Spectrometer
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Describe the sequence of events in a mass spectrometer
Sample is volatilized, ionized, accelerated through electric field, deflected by magnetic field.
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On what basis are ions in a mass spectrometer separated?
Mass to charge ratio
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Describe the axes of a mass spectrogaph
Relative abundance on y axis, Mass to charge ratio on x axis
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When is Aston's mass spectrometer used?
To measure relative abundance of isotopes
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When is Dempster's mass spectrometer used?
Identification of elements in solid state
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What is the pressure of vapors in mass spectrometer?
10^-6 to 10^-7 torr
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What is torr in mmHg?
Same
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How many torrs make up 1 atmosphere pressure?
760
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What is the value of the potential difference applied in a mass spectrometer?
500-2000Volts
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What is the equation for mass to charge ratio?
B^2r^2/2e
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What exactly measures the relative abundance of isotopes in a mass spectrometer?
Strength of current
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How can isotopes be seperated, name six techniques.
Gaseous diffusion, Thermal diffusion, distillation, ultracentrifuge, electromagnetic seperation, laser seperation
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What is the average atomic mass of Neon?
20.18
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What is the simplest formula that gives the whole number ratio of a compound?
Empirical Formula
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What are gram atoms?
Moles
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What absorbs CO2?
50% KOH
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What absorbs water?
Mg(OCl4)2
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What is one gram mole?
The mole
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Which elements has half the mass of magnesium?
Carbon
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What is gram molecule?
Moles
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To what gas does molar volume apply?
Ideal gas
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How many times is the distance between atoms in a gas greater than the radius of the atoms?
300 times
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What cannot be identified from the stoichometry of a reaction?
The rate of a reaction and conditions
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What is assumed in stoichiometric calculations?
All the reactants have reacted and no side reaction occurs
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Which branch of chemistry deals with the quantitative relationship between products and reactants?
Stoichiometry
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How are elements identified before being put in a mass spectrometer?
By Qualitative analysis
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What is the atomic mass expressed in grams called?
Moles
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What is mole ratio?
The ratio of number of moles of reactants taking part and the number of moles of products being formed
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What is the value of molar volume?
22.414
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What is the limiting reactant?
The reactant that is consumed completely in a chemical reaction
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What is the theoretical yield of a reaction?
The quantity of a product calculated from a balanced chemical equation
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What is molarity?
The number of moles of solute dissolved per dm3
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One m3 is equal to how many dm3?
1000
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What is the formula for molarity?
Number of moles of solute/ Volume of solution
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When is mole fraction applicable?
When a solution has more than two components
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What is the mole fraction?
Ratio of the number of moles of a component to the number of moles of the total moles of the solution
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What is the sum of all mole fractions in a solution?
1
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