efficient system to carry substances to and from their individual cells
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Gas exchange surface adaptations
large surface area, thin, short diffusion gradient, steep concentration gradient
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Counter Current System
water containing oxygen enters fish through mouth. blood flows through lamellae in one direction and water flows in the other. this maintains a large concentration gradient between water and blood.
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Insect Gas Exchange
air moves into tracheae through spiracles. Oxygen travels down conc grad to cells. Tracheae branch off into tracheoles and oxygen enters cell whilst carbon dioxide moves into spiracles. insects use rhythmic abdominal movement to move air in and out.
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xerophytes
plants adapted to warm, dry or windy habitats
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xerophytic adaptations
sunken stomata that trap moist air which reduces the concentration gradient. layer of hairs on epidermis to trap moist air around the stomata. curled leaves with stomata inside which protects them from the wind. waxy cuticle to reduce evaporation
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Gas Exchange System
air enters the trachea which splits into 2 bronchi which branch off into bronchioles. Bronchioles end in alveoli where gases are exchanged.
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Inspiration
external intercostal and diaphragm contract causing ribcage to move up and out and diaphragm to flatten, increasing thoracic vol. Lung pressure decreases so air flows in.
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Expiration
external intercostal and diaphragm relax and ribcage moves down and in so vol of thoracic cavity decreases causing air pressure to increase. Air is forced out the lungs. Expiration can be forced.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Gas exchange surface adaptations
Back
large surface area, thin, short diffusion gradient, steep concentration gradient
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