6. Writing an essay, being punctual for a date and getting home after midnight are all examples of:
Primary problem
Ill-defined problem
Knowledge lean problem
Well-defined problem
7. In Psychology research, mostly well-defined knowledge lean problems are used. Why is that?
They have an objectively "right" answer
All three
They have an optimal strategy for their solution
They can be performed by everybody
8. Which psychologist came up with the "two string" problem?
Newell & Simon (1972)
Maier (1931)
Kohler (1917-1927)
Wallas (1929)
9. Lizzie is visiting Staunton Country Park with Donald. She needs to find her way out of the giant maze on the side. This is an example of a:
Knowledge lean problem – general knowledge
Ill-defined problem
Knowledge rich problem - needs expertise
Primary problem
10. According to Reitman (1965), there is a three-part structure to problems. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A goal to be in a different state (goal state)
A set of actions that can be used to transform the starting state to meet the goal
A monetary incentive
A current state/situation (start state)
11. Which approach to problem solving “discovered” the importance of the representation of elements in a problem and the existence of “insight” in humans and animals?
Gestalt approach
Representational change theory
Informational processing approach
Analogical problem solving
12. Donald is on holiday in the Isle of Man and has hired a rental car. He has to drive on the opposite side which he finds difficult as it’s different to what he’s used to. What is this an example of?
Functional fixedness
Availability heuristic
Negative transfer
Positive transfer
13. Donald has broken his iPhone whilst watching a football match. He needs someone to find the fault and repair it as soon as possible. This is an example of a:
Primary problem
Knowledge rich problem - needs expertise
Knowledge lean problem - needs expertise
Ill-defined problem
14. Lizzie is playing chess with Donald. She is trying to figure her next move. Why is this an example of a well-defined problem?
Only the goal state of the problem is clear
Only the start state of the problem is clear
All aspects of the problem are clearly defined
All aspects of the problem are unclear
15. Tim’s gets ready for work early as he’s got an important meeting with another Park Manager. When he gets to his car, he finds out his keys are locked in. Which type of problem is this?
Knowledge lean problem
Ill-defined
Well-defined
16. Newell & Simon (1972) proposed which theory?
Problem Space Theory
Extensive Practice Theory
Transfer of Analogies Theory
Protocol Analysis Theory
17. Lizzie has a problem and she can clearly define her start state, goal state and strategies she will use to get there. What type of problem is this?
Well-defined
Ill-defined
Primary problem
Secondary problem
18. Donald is really hungry and home alone with a well-stocked kitchen. Is this a problem?
No - it is obvious to Donald how he is going to reach the "goal state"
Yes - it is NOT obvious to Donald how he is going to reach the "goal state"
19. Which psychologist worked on problem solving by placing food in chimpanzee cages which could only be retrieved using tools?
Kohler (1917-1927)
Newell & Simon (1972)
Wallas (1926)
Luchin (1942)
20. In the Tower of Hanoi Problem, which of the following statements is incorrect?
The three disks on the first peg was the initial state
The problem had two constraints – only one disk at a time can be moved & a disk couldn’t be placed on top of a smaller disk
The problem had ONE constraint - only one disk at a time could be moved
