Enzymes

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  • Created by: 12eyoung
  • Created on: 02-06-17 12:17
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst produced by LIVING THINGS.
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What do enzymes reduce and do?
Reduces the need for high temperatures and so we ONLY have enzymes to speed up the USEFUL CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
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Why is using high temperatures to speed up a reaction not good?
It will speed up the unwanted reactions as well as the ones we need.
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What are enzymes made of?
Proteins --> made from chains of amino acids.
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Why do enzymes have special shapes?
So they can CATALYSE REACTIONS. --> every enzyme has a unique shape that fits onto the substance in a reaction. 2) For the enzyme to work, substance has to fit its unique shape. --> if doesn't match the enzymes shape, reaction won't be catalysed.
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What do enzymes need to work properly?
RIGHT TEMPERATURE and pH
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What happens if you change the temperature?
It changes the RATE of the reaction. --> high temperature INCREASES rate. If gets TOO HOT, some of the bonds holding enzyme together BREAK. --> destroys enzymes shape and becomes DENATURED.
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What temperature do enzymes in the human body normally work best?
37C
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pH - What happens if it is too low or too high?
Interferes with bonds holding enzyme together --> changes shape of enzyme and denatures the enzyme.
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pH - What is the pH that enzymes work best at?
Often neutral pH 7. --> PEPSIN is an enzyme used to break don PROTEINS IN STOMACH (works best at pH 2) - more suited to the acidic conditions.
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Name 3 BIG molecules
STARCH, PROTEINS & FATS (too big to pass through walls of the digestive system)
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Name 4 small molecules
Sugars, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids (can easily pass through wall of digestive system)
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AMYLASE
Converts STARCH into Sugars
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Where is amylase made?
1) SALIVARY GLANDS 2) PANCREAS 3) SMALL INTESTINE
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PROTEASE
Converts PROTEINS into Amino acids
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What 3 places are protease made?
1) Stomach (Pepsin) 2) Pancreas 3) Small intestine
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LIPASE
Converts LIPIDS into Glycerol and Fatty Acids
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What 2 places are lipase made?
1) Pancreas 2) Small intestine
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What does bile do?
It NEUTRALISES stomach acid and EMULSIFIES fats
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Where is bile produced and stored?
It is produced in the LIVER and stored in the GALL BLADDER before released into small intestine.
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Bile and hydrochloric acid in the stomach
1) The hydrochloric acid in stomach =makes pH too acidic for enzymes in SMALL INTESTINE to work properly. BILE --> is alkaline - neutralises the acid and makes conditions ALKALINE. (The enzymes work best in these alkaline conditions).
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Bile and emulsifying fats
Breaks fat into tiny droplets giving a BIGGER surface area of fat for LIPASE to work on --> digestion is faster
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What do enzymes do in digestion?
BREAKDOWN food molecules
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Where are enzymes used in the digestive system produced?
By specialised cells in GLANDS and in the GUT LINING
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What do enzymes reduce and do?

Back

Reduces the need for high temperatures and so we ONLY have enzymes to speed up the USEFUL CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

Card 3

Front

Why is using high temperatures to speed up a reaction not good?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are enzymes made of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why do enzymes have special shapes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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