Educational policy (detailed)

?
What does educational policy refer to?
the plans and strategies for education introduced by the government, together with instructions and recommendations from schools and local authorities
1 of 158
When was compulsory state-run education introduced?
1880
2 of 158
prior to this, what provided education meaning not everyone received an education?
church, private tutors or schools
3 of 158
What actually led to the development of compulsory education? and why?
industrialization, because it created a need for an educated and trained work force
4 of 158
Why did Compulsory education do little to change a pupil's ascribed status?
the type of education a child received was mainly dependent on their social class
5 of 158
What type of education where middle-class children given?
academic curriculum
6 of 158
What type of education were W/C children were given?
basic - needed for routine factory work
7 of 158
When was the Tripartite system?
1944
8 of 158
What was educational policy 1944-78 generally based on?
improving equality of opportunity
9 of 158
What were children from the poorest backgrounds given?
the same opportunity as children from better-off social groups
10 of 158
Explain this approach of meritocracy?
children should be rewarded based on their ability
11 of 158
What Act introduced free secondary education for all up to the age of 15 generally based on the ideas of improving equality of opportunity?
The Butler Act 1944
12 of 158
What 3 types of school systems were children sifted and sorted into?
secondary modern, Technical schools, Grammar
13 of 158
What exam did every child have to take to determine what school they would go into?
the 11+
14 of 158
Why did the 11+ supposedly embody meritocracy?
because all children had to take the test at the age of 11
15 of 158
What were Grammar schools?
for pupils who were deemed to have the academic ability as they passed the 11+. These schools offered an academic curriculum and access to professional occupations and higher education (uni)
16 of 158
What were secondary modern schools?
offered a non-academic, practical curriculum, with access to manual work for pupils who failed the 11+
17 of 158
Evaluating the impact of the tripartite system
...
18 of 158
However, why can it be deemed as unsuccessful in tackling inequality between the social classes?
most M/C pupils pass the 11+ and went to grammar schools, and most W/C failed it
19 of 158
Thus, the social classes just went to 2 different schools, what did this do?
Just reproduced social class inequality and just prevented social mobility as grammar schools had an academic curriculum and secondary modern doesn't
20 of 158
Give 2 reasons why the middle class was more likely to pass the 11 +?
the language used in the exam, the high-value parents placed on the test and the economic advantage of M/C parents who could pay for tutors, books and resources to help the children to pass the test
21 of 158
Why did the Tripartite system actually legitimize social class inequality through the ideology that ability is fixed at birth?
the test measures early life ability but disregarded how ability can change at different times and students can have different level of skill at different things
22 of 158
Why did the Tripartite system produce gender inequality?
girls had to gain higher marks to pass the 11+
23 of 158
When was the comprehensive school system?
1965
24 of 158
What government introduced the comprehensive school system?
Labor government
25 of 158
What was the aim of the Comprehensive school system>
to create equality between the social classes once again as educationalists were keen to replace the Tripartite system and the principle of selections with something more democratic
26 of 158
What did the comprehensive school system abolish to make it more meritocratic ?
the 11+
27 of 158
Why did W/C students have the same opportunities to pursue the same qualifications as M/C children?
all children attended the same local comprehensive school that accommodated for all abilities
28 of 158
Evaluating the impact of comprensicirsation
....
29 of 158
However, what did some areas not 'go comprehensive?
because it was left to the lcoal educational authority to decide
30 of 158
Why did Parents have very little choice on what school ot send their children?
Because it was sone via catchment zones - where schools identify their community
31 of 158
Why is this unequal?
because there is a poorer standard of education in some schools - not a similar standard of education in all
32 of 158
What 2 individuals argue that the comprehensive schools themselves create inequality through the setting system?
Hargreaves (1967) and Ball (1981)
33 of 158
Why does screaming create social class inequality?
M/C get in the top sets and W/C in the lower sets
34 of 158
Thus, even though students were under the same 'roof', what were they not?
getting the same standard of education
35 of 158
Why do comprehensive schools not have an adequate social mix of children?
people tend to love alongside others from a similar social background
36 of 158
For example, in inner-city areas, who lives there and then in the suburbs?
W/C, M/C
37 of 158
However, what still exsisted?
private schools and grammar schools still excisted
38 of 158
What number of Grammar schools still existed?
164
39 of 158
Nevertheless, what do comprehensive schools enable for W/C?
for them to access higher education
40 of 158
What do functionalists see comprehensive schools as?
meritocratic
41 of 158
What do Marxist think about comprehensive schools?
they are no meritocratic because students are lied. to be (ideology) being told that gave equal oppurtntuies
42 of 158
When was New vocationalism ?
1979
43 of 158
In the 1980's, what did New Right politicians believe about the education system and employment?
That it was creating youth employment because the education system did not produce pupils with the right skills for employment and the modern economy
44 of 158
Why did comprehensivization not provide pupils with the right skills?
because it only offered an academic education, when many jobs required practical and technical skills
45 of 158
Thus, what is vocationalism and overall why was it introduced?
a range of educational schemes, and it would deal, was introduced to deal with the skills crisis
46 of 158
Explain why Vocational education is an alternative to an academic education
it focuses on preparing pupils to work in a particular field or industry of employment
47 of 158
What type of vocational qualifications saw a growth in in the 1980's?
GNVQs BTECs
48 of 158
Give examples of subjects these qualifications could be achieved in ?
bricklaying, hairdressing, childcare, travel or tourism
49 of 158
Evaluating the impact of vocationalism
...
50 of 158
What did vocational bring back essentially that comprensiveism had sought to eridicate?
a two-tiered system
51 of 158
Who were Vocational qualifications mostly taken by?
W/C pupils
52 of 158
Why is this?
Because vocational qualifications clearly existed to facilitate those pupils getting W/C jobs and often W/C pupils were then removed from some academic classes
53 of 158
Also, are vocational qualifications valued as highly as academic qualifications?
no
54 of 158
However, what has there been recently?
a number of reboots to vocational education to try and achieve equal recognition between academic and vocation education. For example, Level 3 Btecs now have examined units added to increase the level of challenge (not just coursework)
55 of 158
Marketization
1988
56 of 158
After 1979, educational policy shifted away from to?
the new right emphasis on Marketisation, parental choice and selection
57 of 158
What is Marketisation?
the process of introducing Market forces of consumer, choice and competition into areas run by the state such as education.
58 of 158
What idea is that education should be run like?
a business, as schools compete with each other for customers in form of parents and students
59 of 158
What have Marketisation policies remained since the 1988 Education Reform Act introduced by Margaret Thatchers and the conservative government?
a central theme of government educational policy
60 of 158
Marketisation polcies
...
61 of 158
What is the ranking of achieving in terms of SAT's, GCSE and A level performance
League tables
62 of 158
What are Oftsed reports?
were published and reported on the quality of teaching and learning experience in specific schools
63 of 158
What is there in schools where business take over the school?
business sponsor
64 of 158
What policy allows successful schools to recruit more pupils by expanding their physical capacity?
Ofsted inspections
65 of 158
Explain national curriculum policy
all students are taught the same SAT and GCSE, it makes it easier to compare schools using standardized tests
66 of 158
What is formula funding?
schools are funded on the basis of the number of students they attract
67 of 158
What is opting out of LEA control?
Schools can opt-out of local authority control be more self-governing by becoming an academy. The school can look after its own budget rather than it being the responsibility of the local authority
68 of 158
Why did Conservative educationalists think these policies would give incentives there would be for them to improve?
because it will keep
69 of 158
In what ways do the NR measure successful schools?
measured by greater enrollment and the ability to employ the best teachers
70 of 158
What would unsuccessful schools face?
improve or face the possibility of funding cuts and eventual closure
71 of 158
Evaluating the impact of Marketisation
....
72 of 158
Why do critics believe policies such as league tables increase social class inequality?
good schools can 'cream skim' - meaning they can get the best M/C pupils and poor schools get the W/C pupils
73 of 158
Why is it argued that marketization policies only advantage M/C parents?
because they are skilled choosers and can play the system
74 of 158
Provide an example of M/C parents playing the system to get into a good school
having their child baptized or attending church to get into a school church
75 of 158
Who believes parentocracy is a myth?
Gewirtz
76 of 158
WHy?
Because parent power is not equally distributed (M/C, W/C)
77 of 158
What did M/C parents have that ensured they could get into the best schools?
economic, social and cultural capital
78 of 158
Although provide examples of things that restrict parents choice because critics argue that parents have less choice than we think
the restricted choice on the number of schools children can attend, other restrictions in some faith schools and most popular schools have a limited number of places
79 of 158
Why is formula finding unfair?
because it means students' experience and opportunities of school as less funding goes to unsuccessful schools widening the gap of inequality
80 of 158
What did the Public for policy research (2012) find about the British education system and competition?
produces segregation between social classes
81 of 158
New Labour policies
1997-2010
82 of 158
Even though new labour comes into power, what do some see it as a continuation as?
Marketisation
83 of 158
Provide an example of a new labor policy in continuation marketisation
City Academies
84 of 158
What were city academies?
former comprehensives with poor results were given a fresh staff and funding boost to improve and compete
85 of 158
What other policies did labor have that had the aim of?
aim to ensure equality of opportunity
86 of 158
Why was Sure start established ?
to tackle home background and to tackle disadvantaged W/C children faced before they even started school
87 of 158
What did Sure start provide for every child?
services to support children learning. free childcare and early years education for every child
88 of 158
Why was EMA introduced?
to help students form low icome backgrounds to attend further education
89 of 158
How much were they paid per week that attempted to cover the cost of books and travel because these were seen as barriers to accessing further education? (help to remove the financial barrier
£30
90 of 158
What was the aim of Aimhigher?
wider participation in higher education (uni) by raising awareness, aspirations, promotions and promoting opportunities on offer after uni study
91 of 158
What types of groups did Aimhigher do ?
W/C and ethnic-backgrounds
92 of 158
Explain Gifted and talented?
introduced to identify top 5% of students aged 11-18 in inner-city secondary schools and provide them with extra study supports
93 of 158
Evaluating New labor policies
....
94 of 158
What does Ball suggest has increased under New labor polices?
The proportion of students getting 5 or more GCSE's at a C and improvements in achievement dor some ethnic minorities
95 of 158
Provide an example of their policies being contradictory
Introduced EMA and set a target of 50% of school leavers attending Uni but then introduced tuition fees and loans
96 of 158
What did New Labour leave despite opposing them?
provtae svhoold
97 of 158
What else did they not take from private schools that means they didn't have to pay as much
did not remove their charitable statis
98 of 158
Thus, what still existed?
class inequalities
99 of 158
what did New labour polcies keep W/C disadvantaged?
because they maintained marketisation and the words 'choice' and 'diversity'
100 of 158
Were academies a success?
some did have standards raised but others not - so was mixed
101 of 158
Coalition policies
since 2010
102 of 158
What did the coalition government accsertae he move to from?
towards academics and from an education system largely based on comprehsivee schools ran by the local authorites
103 of 158
What ideas were their policies strongly influenced by?
Neo-liberal and NR ideas about reducing the state in the provision of education through marketisation
104 of 158
What did David Cameron state the aim was to increase?
Excellence, competition and innovation
105 of 158
In what way did he want to achieve this?
by freeing schools from the dead hand of the state through policies such as free schools and academies
106 of 158
What act introduced Academies?
The Academies (2010)
107 of 158
What type of schools did it allow to become academies?
all schools that had achieved Ofsted 'outstanding'
108 of 158
Provide examples of how academies are too independent?
don't follow the national curriculum and can set own term times
109 of 158
But, provide some examples of them not being independent
follow the same rules on admission, get inspected by Ofsted, students sit the same exams and rules on special educational needs and exclusions as other state schools
110 of 158
Where do Academies get their money from?
directly from the government rather than the local council
111 of 158
What are they run by?
Ademeby trusrsb
112 of 158
What are academy trusts responsible for?
the performance of the school and employing the staff
113 of 158
Who are sometimes businesses and academies connected to academies?
they sponsor them and are responsible for improving the performance of the school
114 of 158
By 2012, how many secondary school had converted to academy status?
half of all secondary schools
115 of 158
Free schools
...
116 of 158
Who came up from up free schools and introduced them to the Uk?
Gove
117 of 158
What countries were free schools influenced by?
Sweden
118 of 158
What are free schools and who sets them up?
The newly created school set up by groups of parents, teachers, charities and trusts, religious and voluntary groups
119 of 158
Why did supporters of free schools claim it would improve standards?
by taking control away from the state and giving it to parents
120 of 158
What do free schools give parents and teachers the opportunity to do?
the opportunity to create a new school if they are unhappy with the state comprehensive schools in their local area
121 of 158
How are they funded?
like academies
122 of 158
By 2014, how many free schools were opened or approved?
331 free school
123 of 158
who do Free schools appeal to?
m/c
124 of 158
What things are academies free schools?
can set their own pay and conditions for staff, change the length of school terms or school terms or school day and they don't have to follow the national curriculum
125 of 158
Evaluation
......
126 of 158
Why have Labour City academies been ruiend by the coalition?
because they no longer have aim of reducing inequality and replaced it with focusing more on marketization (which benefits M/C parents and pupils)
127 of 158
Who argues against Free schools?
Rebecca Allen (2010),
128 of 158
In Sweden, how many schools are free schools?
20%
129 of 158
What children does Allen say free schools only benefit children from?
highly education families
130 of 158
Provide evidence that free is socially disruptive and that they lower standards?
Sweden's international educational ranking has fallen since their introduction
131 of 158
In 2011, how many pupils in free schools be eligible for free schools meals?
6.4%
132 of 158
What did Ofsted find out about pupil premium?
pupils premium is not spent on those they want to help
133 of 158
how many teachers had said pupil premium has significant changed how to supported pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds?
One in ten
134 of 158
Since 2010, what had there been major cuts in?
government spending eg. sure start, EMA and increase in uni fees
135 of 158
The Privatisation of education
.....
136 of 158
What is privataisation?
moving functions previously provided by the state or government to being owned by a private company
137 of 158
For example, 2010 to 2016 some aspects of the education system has been turned private, provide some examples?
career services, catering and educational psychology services were contracted out to privatization of education
138 of 158
Private companies in education do an increasing range of activities?
building schools, catering, providing supply teachers, and work experiences, and career advice
139 of 158
For example, what is there in schools in terms of catering?
vending machines in schools, branded coffee and fast food outlets
140 of 158
What are academics sometimes run by?
private businesses
141 of 158
Give an example, of a private company that took over ?
Lilac sky
142 of 158
What was lilac sky?
brought in to help with a school with behavioral issues, million pounds rather than 60/70 for a new health, but profit on children with behavioural issues
143 of 158
Provide some examples of privatization
companies can be faster, more efficient, better standards, increased attainments standards
144 of 158
Evaultion of privaisation
.....
145 of 158
What are the two benefits supporters of privatisation
....
146 of 158
However, what should education be seen as rather an a commodity to bought and sold?
a human right
147 of 158
What do Marxists think about privatization?
that it is just a spread of capitalism as it seen as a profit from education and a focus on profit rather than education
148 of 158
Globalisation and education policy
.....
149 of 158
What has educational policy been influenced by ?
by borrowing the best bits across the globe eg.Sweden
150 of 158
What do British schools and Uni's market themselves to?
a global audience
151 of 158
Provide an example if educational policy being geared towards a global workers' market
geared towards producing top producing workers eg. politician ofter refer to Englands ranking in international as evidence form underperforming
152 of 158
In how many countries do British exam boards offer international GCSE's and Alevels to students?
160
153 of 158
What may globalization introduce by making schools more accepting?
multicultural currciul and practises
154 of 158
What do Many British students study than ALevls which is more highly valued?
International Baccalaureate
155 of 158
Evaluating globalised polcies
....
156 of 158
WHO argues that students be seen as commodities to be bought and sold for profit?
Ball (2012)
157 of 158
However, what does Holborn (2016) argue?
that globalisation may have a positive effect as it has caused a multicultural cultural which has improved ethnic tolerance and understanding of other cultures
158 of 158

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

When was compulsory state-run education introduced?

Back

1880

Card 3

Front

prior to this, what provided education meaning not everyone received an education?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What actually led to the development of compulsory education? and why?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why did Compulsory education do little to change a pupil's ascribed status?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Sociology resources:

See all Sociology resources »See all Education resources »