education T2 - class, internal factors - Flashcards in A Level and IB Sociology

what are the 5 internal factors that effect class differences in achievement?

self-fulfilling prophecy
labelling
streaming
pupil's class identities and the school
pupil subcultures

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what is a self fulfilling prophecy?

a prediction that comes true simply by virtue of it being made
a pre-conceived label or stereotype that is internalised by the recipient

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who conducted the study on teacher expectations and self fulfilling prophecy and what was it about?

Rosenthal and Jacobson
study of Oak community school (a California primary school) - they told the school they had a new test designed to identify which students would 'spurt' ahead (untrue) the test was a standard IQ test (but teachers believed them) - r

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what is a criticism of the self fulfilling prophecy

the self negating prophecy - not everyone accepts their level and can reject or challenge it

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define labelling

to attach a meaning or definition to someone

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explain Becker's (1971) study and findings

carried out interactionist study of labelling on 60 Chicago high school teachers - interviewed
found they judged pupils according to how closely they fit the 'ideal pupil' - work, conduct and appearance were key factors influencing teachers judgements

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Explain Hempel and Jorgensen's study on labelling

study if 2 English primary schools
Aspen primary school = working class , discipline was a problem --> ideal pupil was quiet, passive and obedient (behaviour not ability)
Rowan primary school = middle class, few discipline problems --> ideal pupil was ba

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Explain Dunne and Gazeley's research into labelling in secondary schools

'schools persistently produce WC underachievement'(due to labels and assumptions)
interviewed in 9 English state secondary schools and found that teachers 'normalised' underachievement of WC pupils but believed they could overcome it in MC pupils
teacher

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Explain Rist's study into labelling in primary schools

study of American kindergarten - shows labelling occurs from the outset of a child's educational career
teachers used info about children's home background to place them into separate groups and tables e.g. tigers = fast learners, MC, sit near teacher an

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define streaming

separating children into different ability groups or classes

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stats on streaming

Douglas - children placed in a lower stream at age 8 suffered a decline in their IQ by age 11
self-fulfilling prophecy likely to occur when children are streamed as they are more or less locked into their teacher's low expectations

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what are the 2 effects of streaming on class differences in achievement

1. streaming and the A-to-C economy
Gillbourn and Youdell-study of 2 London secondary schools-teachers used stereotypes of ability to stream students-schools need to achieve good ranking to attract pupils and funding-publishing league tables creates this

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what are the 5 of pupil' class identities that effect class differences in achievement

habitus
symbolic capital and violence
'Nike' identities
WC identity and ed success
class identity and self exclusion

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explain the Habitus

the dispositions or learned way of thinking and acting shared by a particular social class. includes tastes and preferences about lifestyles and consumptions
Mc have power to define its habits and impose it on ed system
school places blue on MC habitus

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explain symbolic capital and symbolic violence

symbolic capital - statues and recognition from school - because schools have MC habits, pupils who have been socialised into MC norms and values have symbolic capital
symbolic violence - devaluing WC habits so their tastes are seen as tasteless, worthle

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explain 'Nike' identities

symbolic violence led to some students seeking alternative ways to create self-worth, status and value - they did so by constructing meaningful class identities by investing heavily in 'styles'
consuming branded clothing - policed by peer groups - the rig

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explain WC identity and educational success

Archer - link between WC identity and ed failure BUT some pupils do succeed
Ingram-study of 2 groups of WC catholic boys from same neighbourhood in Belfast - one group passed 11+ and went to grammar school and other failed and went to local secondary
gr

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epxlain class identity and self exclusion

Evans - studied group of 21 WC girls from south London comprehensive studying for A levels - felt reluctant to apply to elite unis (oxbridge)
Bordieu - lots of WC think places like oxbridge are 'not for the likes of us' or unrealistic - part of habitus t

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define pupil subculture

a group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns

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how do pupil subcultures develop?

LACEY
1. differentiation - process of teachers categorising pupils on how they perceive their ability e.g. streaming
2. polarisation - process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite 'poles' or extremes e.g. pro-school

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what is a pro-school subculture

pupila placed in high streams = MC - remain committed to the values of the school
gain status in approved manner - academic success

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what is an anti-school subculture

those in lower streams = WC - low self esteem - school pout them in inferior status - search for an alternative method of gaining status - 'sabotage of the system' Lacey - joining an anti-school subculture is likely to lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy o

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explain abolishing streaming in reference to pupil subcultures

Ball's study of beachside comprehensive in process of abolishing the streaming type of banding - in favour of mixed ability groups
when schools abolished banding the basis for pupils to polarise was largely removed and the influence of anti school subcul

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what are the variety of pupil responses to streaming and labelling?

Woods -
1. ingratiation - 'teachers pet'
2. ritualism - going through motions and staying our of trouble
3. retreatism - daydreaming and mucking about
4. rebellion - rejection of everything school stands for
Furlong - many students are not committed p

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criticisms to labelling theory

accused of determinism - labels can be refused
marxists - ignore wider structures of power in which labelling takes place - not a result of teachers prejudices - work in a system that reproduces class division

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education T2 - class, internal factors

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