earthquakes and volcanoes
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- Created by: Iona112
- Created on: 03-04-22 11:41
the pattern of earthquakes
- most occur at the margins of slowly- moving tectonic plates
- friction and sticking between plates create enormous pressures and stresses which build to breaking point
- friction and sticking between plates create enormous pressures and stresses which build to breaking point
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tectonic plates
- the earths crust is split into 7 major and several minor tectonic plates
- there are two types of crust, dense thin oceanic crust and less dense, thicker continental crust
- plates move driven by convection currents within the mantle and under gravity
- there are two types of crust, dense thin oceanic crust and less dense, thicker continental crust
- plates move driven by convection currents within the mantle and under gravity
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constructive margins
plates separate at constructive margins forming new land in the form of a shield volcano
causes mild earthquakes as the magma breaks the surface
causes mild earthquakes as the magma breaks the surface
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destructive margins
Plates collide at destructive plate margins
if oceanic and continental plate, oceanic plate is subducted
friction causes strong earthquakes and composite volcanoes form
if two continental plates the crust crumples and lifts forming fold mountains and pow
if oceanic and continental plate, oceanic plate is subducted
friction causes strong earthquakes and composite volcanoes form
if two continental plates the crust crumples and lifts forming fold mountains and pow
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conservative margin
Plates slide by each other at conservative margins causing earthquakes
- Two plates move past each other at different rates
- Friction between the plates builds stresses and triggers earthquakes when they slip
- No volcanoes as no magma
- Two plates move past each other at different rates
- Friction between the plates builds stresses and triggers earthquakes when they slip
- No volcanoes as no magma
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immediate responses
search, rescue and short-term aid
keeping survivors alive by providing medical care, food, water and shelter
keeping survivors alive by providing medical care, food, water and shelter
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long-term responses
rebuilding and reconstruction, to restore normal life and reduce future risks
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when was the Chile earthquake
February 2010
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chiles GDP and HDI
GDP= 38th out of 193
HDI= 41st out of 187 countries
HDI= 41st out of 187 countries
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Chile earthquake, cause and magnitude
Nazca plate subduction beneath the South American plate, just of the coast of Chile
Magnitude 8,8 shallow (35km)
Magnitude 8,8 shallow (35km)
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Chile Primary effects
- 500 killed, 12000 inured and 800 000 people affected
- Significant destruction of buildings and infrastructure
- Power, water, and communications cut
- US $30 bill damage
- Significant destruction of buildings and infrastructure
- Power, water, and communications cut
- US $30 bill damage
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Chile secondary effects
- Communities cut off by landslides
- Coastal towns devastated by tsunami
- Chemical plat fire near Santiago forced evacuations
- Coastal towns devastated by tsunami
- Chemical plat fire near Santiago forced evacuations
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Chile immediate responses
- Swift and effective response by emergency services
- Key roads repaired within 24 hours
- Most power and water restored within 10 days
- $60 million national appeal built 30 000 emergency wooden shelters
- Key roads repaired within 24 hours
- Most power and water restored within 10 days
- $60 million national appeal built 30 000 emergency wooden shelters
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Chile long term responses
- Strong economy reduced need for foreign aid
- Government reconstruction plan to help 200,000 households
- Full recovery within 4 years likely
- Government reconstruction plan to help 200,000 households
- Full recovery within 4 years likely
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Nepal earthquake date
April 2915
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Nepal GDP & HDI
- GDP 109th out of 193 countries
- HDI 145th out of 187 countries
- HDI 145th out of 187 countries
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Nepal cause and magnitude
Indo-Australian plate colliding with the Eurasian Plate
Magnitude 7.9, very shallow focus (15km)
Magnitude 7.9, very shallow focus (15km)
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nepal primary effects
- 9000 killed, 20000 injured, 8,000,000 people affected
- Widespread destruction of buildings and infrastructure
- Power, communications, water, and sanitation cut
- US$5 billion damage
- Widespread destruction of buildings and infrastructure
- Power, communications, water, and sanitation cut
- US$5 billion damage
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nepal secondary effects
- Communities cut off by landslides and avalanches
- Avalanches on Mount Everest killed at least 19 people
- Flooding caused by landslide blocked rivers
- Avalanches on Mount Everest killed at least 19 people
- Flooding caused by landslide blocked rivers
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nepal immediate responses
- Overseas aid included widely active NGOs
- Aid included helicopters for search, rescue, and supply drops in remote areas, such as on mount Everest
- 300,000 people migrated from Kathmandu for shelter and support from friends and families
- Aid included helicopters for search, rescue, and supply drops in remote areas, such as on mount Everest
- 300,000 people migrated from Kathmandu for shelter and support from friends and families
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Nepal long-term responses
- Roads repaired, landslide cleared, and flood lakes drained
- International conference to seek technical and financial support
- Indian border blockade in 2015 caused crippling fuel, medicine, and construction material shortage
- International conference to seek technical and financial support
- Indian border blockade in 2015 caused crippling fuel, medicine, and construction material shortage
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economic reason people live in areas at risk from tectonic hazards
- poor people have no choice, money, food and family prioritise
- plate margins often coincide with favourable areas for settlement and trade
- volcanoes can bring benefits such as fertile soil, rich mineral deposits and hot water
- earthquake fault lines
- plate margins often coincide with favourable areas for settlement and trade
- volcanoes can bring benefits such as fertile soil, rich mineral deposits and hot water
- earthquake fault lines
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factual reason people live in areas at risk from tectonic hazards
- earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are rare, so not seen as a great threat
- earthquake- resistant building designs reduce risk
- effective monitoring of volcanoes and tsunami waves allow evacuation warnings to be given
- some people have no knowledge o
- earthquake- resistant building designs reduce risk
- effective monitoring of volcanoes and tsunami waves allow evacuation warnings to be given
- some people have no knowledge o
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Iceland
- near Mid-Atlantic Ridge with volcanic eruptions on average every five years
- awareness and monitoring reduces the threat to low risk
- tectonic activity brings huge benefits
- awareness and monitoring reduces the threat to low risk
- tectonic activity brings huge benefits
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what benefits does tectonic activity bring to Iceland
- naturally occurring hot water and steam provides hot water and central heating for 90% of all buildings
- Geothermal energy generates 25% of Iceland's electricity
- volcanic rocks are used in road building and construction
- big tourist industry for th
- Geothermal energy generates 25% of Iceland's electricity
- volcanic rocks are used in road building and construction
- big tourist industry for th
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How can risks from tectonic hazards be reduced
- monitoring
- prediction
- protection
- planning
- prediction
- protection
- planning
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monitoring volcanoes
all volcanoes are monitored using
remote sensing (satellites detect heat increases)
Seismicity (seismographs record micro quakes)
Ground deformation (laser beams measure the changes in the shape of the ground)
remote sensing (satellites detect heat increases)
Seismicity (seismographs record micro quakes)
Ground deformation (laser beams measure the changes in the shape of the ground)
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monitoring earthquakes
Generally occur without warning
a number of events can occur before an earthquake, but these are never certain enough to issue warnings
include
- micro quakes before the main tremor
- bulging of the ground
- raised groundwater levels
a number of events can occur before an earthquake, but these are never certain enough to issue warnings
include
- micro quakes before the main tremor
- bulging of the ground
- raised groundwater levels
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prediction of volcanoes
monitoring is now allowing accurate prediction and effective evacuation
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prediction of earthquakes
accurate predictions are impossible as no clear warning signs but historical records can help determine probability
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protection of volcanoes
little can be done but earth embankments and explosives have been sed to successfully divert lava flows
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protection of earthquakes
earthquake drills help keep people alert and prepared
earthquake- resistant construction is the best way to reduce risk
earthquake- resistant construction is the best way to reduce risk
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planning of volcanoes
risk assessment and hazard mapping to identify areas to practise evacuation or restrict building
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planning of earthquakes
risk assessment and hazard mapping to identify areas to protect buildings and infrastructure
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
tectonic plates
Back
- the earths crust is split into 7 major and several minor tectonic plates
- there are two types of crust, dense thin oceanic crust and less dense, thicker continental crust
- plates move driven by convection currents within the mantle and under gravity
- there are two types of crust, dense thin oceanic crust and less dense, thicker continental crust
- plates move driven by convection currents within the mantle and under gravity
Card 3
Front
constructive margins
Back
Card 4
Front
destructive margins
Back
Card 5
Front
conservative margin
Back
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