Food preservation, understanding and combating disease, biotechnology e.g. GM, agriculture e.g. nitrogen fixing and fermented foods.
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Name 5 things prokaryotes have that eukaryotes do not
Prokaryotes have no nuclear envelope (genetic material is free), organelle are not membrae-enclosed, no intorns, no histone, have cirular chromosomes.
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List things a generic typical bacteria cell has (8)
lipid membrane around the outside and a cytoplasm on the inside, circular DNA, a plasmid, 70s ribosomes, cell wall, capsule, flagella pili or fimbirae
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Why is size an important factor with prokaryotes
There is a finite size they can get before they become non-functional as the cell is limited.
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How is the plasma membrane of bacteria exceptionally dynamic
Phospholipids can move within the membrane by moving, flipping or be modified.
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What kind of fatty acid hydrophobic tails does bacteria consist of
Saturated or monounsaturated fatty acid tails.
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Whats the difference between the outer membrane and the inner membrane of bacterial cells
Outer membrane has more recognition proteins and the inner membrane has more stability proteins.
8 of 19
What two kind of proteins are embedded in the cell membrane and why
Peripheral (attached on outside) or integral (embedded halfawy or all the way through. Is possible because the membranes are fluid.
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What does the lipid bilayer (cell membrane) do (3)
A permeability barrier, a protein anchor for proteins within the membrane and involved in the production and conservation of energy.
10 of 19
Describe the Gram staining procedeure and the expected results
The cells are fixed on a slide and a solution of crystal violet is added to the bacteria. The slides are then counter-stained with iodine and washed out. If gram positive = purple stain. If negative = faint pink background colour.
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What is the difference between gram positive and negative bacteria
Gram positive bacteria = thick peptidoglycan membrane on outside. Gram negative = thin peptidogycan cell membrane between two membranes. On outside is a complex mixture of lipopolysaccharides and proteins. Between the two membranes is the periplasm.
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What is peptidoglycan
Series of strands composed of repeating units of NAG and NAM acid.
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What does Teichoic acid in gram positive bacteria do
Allows the cell wall and membrane to attach to each other. It's negatively charged surface attracts positively charged ions which can be used in metabolism.
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What are the three components of the external cell membrane of gram negative bacteria
O-specific polysaccharide which is fepeating units of several sugars, core polysacharide and Lipid A which is the lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide with the fatty acids bonded via amine-ester linkages.
15 of 19
Why is archaeal cell wall highly variable
Because of the different environment different species are exposed to.
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Explain what the paracrystaline archael layer is and its purpose
S-layer consisting of a complex mixture of proteins or glycoproteins with a hexagonal symmetry. Protects archaea from harsh conditions of its environment.
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What does flagella, fimbriaa and pili do
Flagella twist in a whip-like fashion to move cell, fimbriae don't move but fix bacteria on specific surface, pili transfer genetic information.
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What are plasmids
Small circular pieces of DNA that contain the genetic information of the bacteria.
19 of 19
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Give 5 reasons why prokaryotes are important
Back
Food preservation, understanding and combating disease, biotechnology e.g. GM, agriculture e.g. nitrogen fixing and fermented foods.
Card 3
Front
Name 5 things prokaryotes have that eukaryotes do not
Back
Card 4
Front
List things a generic typical bacteria cell has (8)
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