Duress and Undue Influence

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Duress as to the Person
Barton v Armstrong [1976] - Has very narrow limits, requirement of actual or threatened violence
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Duress as to Goods
Pao on v Yiu Long [1980] - Allows economic duress but the threat must be illegitimate and constitutes a significant part of why the contract was entered
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Economic Duress
DSNO Subsea v Petroelum ASA [2000] - The threat must be unlawful or illegitimate leaving no reasonable alternative other than (e.g paying extra)
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Establishing a Duress Claim
R v AG [2003] - Lord Hoffman - 1. C must show pressure of improper nature was applied or harm was threatened 2. Pressure objectively asses gave C no reasonable alternative 3. The pressure caused C to act as D wanted
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Causal Impact of the Pressure
Dimskall Shipping [1992] per Lord Goff- "Pressure must be "significant cause of inducing the plaintiff into entering the relevant contract"
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Three Considerations on Causal Impact of Pressure
1. Is there a realistic alternative? 2. Did C Protest at the time? 3. Did C affirm contract? (If so loses right to set aside) Atlantic Baron [1979]
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Actual Undue Influence
1. C must show actual influence exists 2. C must show UI was exercised 3. C must show contract exists due to the UI - & - CIBC Mortgages v Pitt [1994] - manifest disadvantage is not required in cases of actual undue influence.
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Presumed Undue Influence
Etridge v RBS plc [2001] - 3 Elements Required to prove: 1. Relationship of Trust and Confidence 2. Something which calls for an explanation 3. Can the presumption of UI be rebutted?
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PUI - Relationship of Trust and Confidence Classes
Class 2A - (guardian&ward/Solicitor&Client/Trustee/Beneficiary&ReligiousAdvisor/Disciple) holds presumption one party influences another and C only has to show relationship exists. Class 2B: C has to prove relationship of T&C exists
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PUI - Something which Calls for an Explanation
Allcard v Skinner [1887] - "the gift must've been so large as not to be reasonably accounted for on the ground of friendship, relationship, charity or other ordinary motives on which ordinary men act"
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PUI - Can the Presumption be Rebutted?
Hammond v Osborn [2002] - Normal manner is through showing independent advice has been taken (but it must've been acted on per Etridge)
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Third Parties in Undue Influence
Banks which suspect UI, must take reasonable steps to satisfy themselves there is none, they do not have to meet D but must know C has seen a solicitor (Etridge)
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Undue Influence Remedies and Exceptions
Rescission & Exceptions: 1. Affirmation of Contract 2. Bona Fide TP with no knowledge of UI means no recovering goods, only receiving compensation
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Duress as to Goods

Back

Pao on v Yiu Long [1980] - Allows economic duress but the threat must be illegitimate and constitutes a significant part of why the contract was entered

Card 3

Front

Economic Duress

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Establishing a Duress Claim

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Causal Impact of the Pressure

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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