Injections of small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens.
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What do vaccinations do?
Allow the body to create antibodies to attack the antigens and will know for the future.
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What are the advantages of vaccinations?
They control communicable diseases such as measles, epidemics can be prevented if a large percent of the population is vaccinated.
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What are the disadvantages of vaccinations?
They don't always work, you can sometimes have a bad reaction to them.
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Which drugs relieve symptoms without killing pathogens?
Painkillers as they just reduce the symptoms.
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Which drugs kill pathogens to cure the illness?
Antibiotics which are specific to different types of bacteria.
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How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
Bacteria mutates, it is unaffected by the drugs, the non-resistant bacteria dies and so the resistant is able to reproduce and grow.
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Which plant is aspirin from?
Willow.
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What does digitalis treat and which plant is it from?
Heart problems and foxglove.
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What did Alexander Fleming find?
That mould was killing bacteria and so he found penicillin.
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Describe the first stage of drug testing.
The drugs are tested on human cells and tissues but this can't be used on drugs that affect multiple body systems so this needs to be done on an animal.
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Describe the second stage of drug testing.
The drugs are tested on live animals to test to see if the drug causes the effects you want.
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Describe the third stage of drug testing.
It is tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial. First it is healthy volunteers to eliminate any side effects and then it's tested on people with the disease.
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What does it mean when a clinical trial is blind?
The person in the study doesn't know whether they are getting a placebo drug or the real drug.
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What does it mean when a clinical trial is double-blind?
Neither the patient nor doctor knows which type of drug they are getting.
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Why do the results of a clinical trial have to be peer reviewed?
So other scientists can check to see if the work is valid and done in the right way. Also prevents false claims.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What do vaccinations do?
Back
Allow the body to create antibodies to attack the antigens and will know for the future.
Card 3
Front
What are the advantages of vaccinations?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are the disadvantages of vaccinations?
Back
Card 5
Front
Which drugs relieve symptoms without killing pathogens?
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