The process by which genetic information is copied from DNA into mRNA is called...?
Transcription
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The process by which information on mRNA and the amino acids on tRNA form proteins is called...?
Translation
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What shape is tRNA?
A clover leaf
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What is tRNA made from?
A single strand of RNA
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How is the tRNA held in its shape?
With hydrogen bonds
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The tRNA molecule also has...?
A specific amino acid attachment site
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In the first stage of translation, the amino acid attaches to the...?
Specific amino acid attachment site on the tRNA
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In the second stage of translation, complementary base pairing occurs between the anticodon on the tRNA molecule and the...?
First codon on the mRNA molecule
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In the third stage of translation, a second tRNA molecule bonds to the second codon on the mRNA molecule. The amino acids on the two tRNA molecules...?
Bond with peptides bonds, using ATP
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In the fourth stage of translation, the original tRNA molecule is released from the mRNA and the amino acids...?
Move through the ribosome
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These stages (1-4) are repeated until...?
A stop codon is reached
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The process by which DNA is copied and replicated onto mRNA in the nucleus is called...?
Protein synthesis
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What is the first stage in protein synthesis?
The DNA unravels
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What is the second stage in protein synthesis?
DNA helicase unzips the DNA
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What is the third stage in protein synthesis?
DNA polymerase forms RNA
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What is the fourth stage in protein synthesis?
The introns are removed from RNA through splicing
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What is the fifth stage in protein synthesis?
The mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores
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What is made of a single polynucleotide strand and carries the genetic information out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
Messenger (m)RNA
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The process by which the introns are removed from the RNA to form mRNA is called...?
Splicing
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What are the three types of genetic mutation?
Deletion mutation, addition mutation and substitution mutation
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What is it called when one or more nucleotide bases are deleted from the sequence?
Deletion mutations
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What is it called when one or more nucleotide bases are added to the sequence?
Addition mutations
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What is it called when one nucleotide base is substituted for another?
Substitution mutations
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Addition and deletion mutations are the most dangerous of the mutations as they cause a...?
Frame-shift
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Substitution mutations aren't as dangerous as many...?
Triplet codons code for the same amino acid
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Which two amino acids do substitution mutations effect?
Tryptophan and Methionine
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What is the name for genetic differences between the alleles of individuals in a population?
Genetic Diversity
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What is the name for the frequency of a specific allele in a population?
Allele frequency
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What is the term used when describing the dramatic decrease in size and genetic diversity of a population?
Population Bottleneck
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What are examples of causes of population bottlenecks?
Earthquakes, fires, tsunamis, poaching
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A population of a species which has very low genetic diversity is known as...?
An unrepresentative population
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Unrepresentative populations could lead to...?
Some alleles being over represented or some being wiped out
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What is the name for when a population bottleneck occurs due to the migration of part of a population?
The Founder Effect
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The process by which information on mRNA and the amino acids on tRNA form proteins is called...?
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